|
Medical Terms - Accidental Death In England and Wales, accidents caused 3.7 million visits to A&E departments, 130,000 hospital admissions, and over 11,800 deaths in 2004; about half of these deaths happened at home, and almost a third involved motor vehicles. If the proper safety precautions had been taken, a large number of these deaths would have been avoided. Between the ages of five and 34, a large percentage of male accident deaths occur; alcohol is a major contributing element. Driving-related deaths have decreased to one of the lowest rates in the EU since the UK implemented mandatory seatbelt use in cars in the 1980s and added safety features like airbags in cars; the number for 2007 was 3,940. Over the past 50 years or more, the number of these incidents has decreased: employers are now more aware of the risks of workplace injury and death, and legislation has reinforced education in this area. As a result, these incidents currently make up less than 2% of all unintentional deaths. Falls, most often at home, are the primary cause of accidental deaths among the elderly. The most common unintentional death cause in newborns is choking, which is primarily caused by food and small objects. Drowning is the third most common hazard, and it frequently occurs at home. During the mid-20s and mid-40s, two significant causes are poisoning (usually from drug overdose) and drowning. 
0 Comments
Medical Terms - Acarus the class of animal parasites that contains Sarcoptes scabiei, the culprit behind SCABIES, a skin condition that causes itching. Acarus scabiei was the previous name for this parasite.  Medical Terms - Acanthosis Nigricans a warty skin alteration with dark pigmentation that typically appears around the neck and axilla. It may run in families, but it can also arise from conditions like polycystic ovarian syndrome, Addison's disease, CUSHING'S syndrome, or an adenocarcinoma, which is typically of the stomach  Medical Terms – Absorption Intracellular absorption of fluids or other compounds by bodily tissues. By way of illustration, food undergoes absorption from the gastrointestinal tract into the circulatory and lymphatic systems. The principal site of food absorption is the small intestine, consisting of the jejunum and ileum, which is lined by many villi that enhance its surface area. Intracellular absorption of fluids or other compounds by bodily tissues. By way of illustration, food undergoes absorption from the gastrointestinal tract into the circulatory and lymphatic systems. The principal site of food absorption is the small intestine, consisting of the jejunum and ileum, which is lined by many villi that enhance its surface area.  Medical Terms – abscess A small, localized pus accumulation. A small pustule is called a CELLULITIS or ERYSIPELAS, whereas a dispersed pus production is called a PUSTULE. A abscess could be acute or long-lasting. An acute abscess is one that grows quickly—in a matter of hours or days. There is a specific collection of symptoms that define it. Factors Numerous bacteria are the primary reason. When foreign objects like bullets or splinters are present, they can occasionally cause an abscess, but if they are not tainted by bacteria or other microorganisms, they can stay buried in the tissues without posing any problems. Staphylococci and streptococci are the most commonly encountered microorganisms, however the latter are more likely to cause virulent abscesses. Other bacteria that can cause abscesses include Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas pyocyanea, which can both grow healthily in the colon and, in certain situations, move into surrounding tissues. After gaining access, like in the case of a wound, bacteria quickly grow, release toxins, dilate local blood vessels, slow down the blood flow, and exude fluid and blood corpuscles. Around the infected area, leucopytes, or white blood corpuscles, gather and either consume the bacteria or create a poison that kills them. The abscess will spread and, in extreme situations, may result in a generalized infection or sepsis if the body's local defense mechanisms are unable to stop it. Symptoms: The traditional signs of inflammation include warmth, redness, swelling, discomfort, and fever. In an effort to prevent the germs from spreading to other areas of the body, the nearby lymph nodes may be swollen and sore. An increase in leucocytes in the blood is another effect of infection. The pain goes away as soon as the abscess is opened, or bursts, the temperature quickly returns to normal, and healing begins. But if the abscess leaks into an internal cavity, such the bladder or bowel, it would not heal right away or might even become chronic, which would worsen the patient's condition. Intervention Antibiotics work on most localized skin infections. Should pus develop, the abscess needs to be surgically accessed and removed. Abscesses can develop in any kind of tissue in the body, but the general guidelines for treatment are the same: administration of an antibiotic and, when necessary, surgery.  Medical Terms - Abruptio Placenta Placental hemorrhage occurring beyond the 24th week of pregnancy can lead to the fully or partially separation of the placenta from the uterine wall. The woman may experience a state of shock. Hypertension and pre-eclampsia are occasionally observed in individuals with this disorder.  Medical Terms - Abrasion Abrasion is the process by which the surface of the skin or a mucous membrane is worn away by friction caused by a mechanical injury. These little injuries have the potential to facilitate the infiltration of microscopic organisms, thereby causing an abscess or a more serious type of inflammation. Therapeutic intervention The most efficacious method of treatment is the meticulous and prompt washing of the wound with soap and water. Subsequently, a sterile dry dressing or an antiseptic like 1 percent cetrimide might be administered.  Medical Terms - An abortion is the deliberate removal of a fetus before it reaches the stage of normal viability, often occurring before 24 weeks of pregnancy. (Currently, there are rare instances where fetuses as early as 22 weeks of gestation have survived:) Spontaneous abortion Commonly referred to as miscarriage, this condition can manifest at any point prior to 28 weeks of gestation; 85 percent of cases occur within the initial 12 weeks of pregnancy. Among all pregnancies that are diagnosed, 25 percent result in spontaneous abortion. Foetal chromosomal abnormalities are virtually frequently the cause of spontaneous abortions that occur in early pregnancy. Additional factors contributing to this condition include uterine morphology, maternal diseases such as diabetes mellitus, thyroid gland disorders (see to the section on endocrine glands), and immunological dysfunctions.Women with an aberrant immune system response to pregnancy are particularly susceptible to recurrent spontaneous abortion, defined as three or more occurrences of such abortion. Other contributing factors include advanced age, a history of several pregnancies, cigarette smoking, and a history of spontaneous (but not therapeutic) abortions. Initial ULTRASOUND scans have revolutionized the approach to spontaneous abortion medicine. These criteria enable the differentiation between threatened abortion, characterized by maternal vaginal bleeding while the fetus is still alive; inevitable abortion, characterized by the initiation of uterine neck opening; incomplete abortion, characterized by the loss of part of the fetus or placenta with some remaining inside the uterus; and complete abortion. No evidence supports the notion that bed rest is a form of abortion. The intervention successfully prevents a threatened abortion from becoming unavoidable. An abortion that is either inevitable or partial often need the intervention of a gynaecologist to evacuate the uterus. (No treatment is necessary for complete miscarriage.) Uterine evacuation is performed with the administration of local or general anaesthesia, often involving a mild dilation of the uterine neck (cervix) and the removal of any leftover pregnancy residues. Other causes of late abortions include premature cervix opening, uterine structural abnormalities, and maybe maternal infection. The use of drugs to inhibit uterine contractions is common, however empirical research indicates that these interventions do not typically enhance the survival of the foetus. Proven instances of cervical incompetence can be treated by closing the cervix with a suture, which is then removed at 37 weeks of gestation. The empirical support for the efficacy of this technique is inconclusive. Therapeutic abortion Before an abortion procedure is legally allowed in the UK, two doctors must certify, under the 1967 Abortion Act, that continuing the pregnancy would pose a higher risk of harm to the physical and/or mental health of the mother or any existing child(ren) compared to terminating the pregnancy. The Act, which had previously stipulated that the pregnancy should not have surpassed the 24th week at the time of the abortion, was amended by legislation in 1990. An abortion is now legally permissible if choosing to continue the pregnancy will endanger the woman's life, if the woman or her current child(ren) are at risk of mental health, or if there is a significant risk of severe disability to the baby. The primary cause for 95 percent of therapeutic terminations in the UK is the potential harm to the physical or mental well-being of the woman. Therapeutic abortion is not subject to any time restriction, unless it is medically necessary to preserve the mother's life, there is a significant danger of severe fetal disability, or the mother's health is seriously and permanently compromised. Some 205,000 terminations are performed annually in the UK, with only 1 – 1.5 percent occurring after 20 weeks of gestation. The majority of these late abortions are for severe, late-diagnosed foetal abnormalities. In 2007, the abortion rate was approximately 18 per 1000 women aged 15-44. The maternal mortality rate for therapeutic abortion is below 1 per 100,000 women. If the procedure is executed proficiently by qualified physicians before to 12 weeks of pregnancy, it is classified as highly safe. No conclusive evidence exists to suggest that therapeutic abortion is linked to any decrease in future fertility, higher occurrence of spontaneous abortion, or premature birth in following pregnancies. Methods of terminating pregnancy All abortions must be performed in licenced facilities or at NHS hospitals. The modalities employed are either surgical or medical, with the latter becoming increasingly prevalent and the former diminishing with time. Adequate consent must be acquired, duly signed, and witnessed. Pregnant women under 16 years old might undergo termination as long as the doctors receiving the consent are confident that she fully comprehends the procedure and its consequences. While parental consent is not legally mandatory for those under the age of 16, counselling doctors are obligated to document that they have recommended such young individuals to notify their parents. Yet, a significant number of young people fail to do so. Her partner lacks legal authority in the decision to end her pregnancy. Medical methods include the use of a combination of two medications, mifepristone and a prostaglandin (or a prostaglandin-like medicine, misoprostol,to terminate a pregnancy within a gestational window of up to 63 days. Administering a comparable regimen is possible from nine to 12 weeks gestation, although at this stage, there is a 5 percent chance of post-treatment complications. Haemorrhage. Confirmation of pregnancy and gestation is initially achieved via an ultrasound scan. The pouch housing the developing placenta and foetus must be anatomically located within the uterus. The woman must be below the age of 35 if she smokes to a moderate degree, but she can be above 35 if she is a non-smoker. Limitations to utilizing this approach include women with adrenal gland disorders, those on long-term corticosteroids, and those with a haemorrhagic condition or on anticoagulants. These medications are contraindicated in women with severe liver or kidney disease, and caution should be exercised in those with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cardiovascular system disorders, prosthetic heart valves as well as in those with a history of caesarean section or ectopic pregnancy or those undergoing treatment for hypertension. Some clinics use this medication combination for pregnancies beyond 12 weeks gestation. Pregnancies nearing viability (20 weeks) may necessitate pre-treatment fetocide, which involves the administration of intrauterine medication to destroy the foetus. Surgical techniques Up until 14 - 15 weeks gestation, vacuum curettage is a technique employed. Certain extremely A-4 Abortion Competent gynaecologists will surgically terminate pregnancies by dilatation of the cervix and evacuation of the uterine contents until 22 weeks of gestation. A larger gestational size is associated with an increased risk of hemorrhage and uterine perforation. Illegal abortion is quite uncommon in the UK, however it is more prevalent in other nations. Where unlawful abortions occur, there is a significant danger of infection and perforation, and death is a highly probable outcome. Lawful abortions are typically considered to be safe. While partial-birth abortions are discussed in the United States, there is no documented instance of this practice in UK medical academic publications.   Medical Terms -Ablation Ablation refers to the surgical removal of any structural component of the body  Medical Terms - Abdomen The inferior section of the trunk. Positioned above the thorax or chest, and separated by the diaphragm, is the PELVIS, which is sometimes characterized as an independent cavity albeit being connected to the abdomen. Positioned posteriorly are the spinal column and inferior ribs, which are in close proximity to the iliac bones. While the iliac bones and downward-sloping ribs provide protection for the confined organs on the sides, the entire front portion is simply shielded by soft tissues. The latter comprises the epidermis, a variable quantity of adipose tissue, three layers of broad, planar muscle, an additional layer of adipose tissue, and ultimately the slippery, thin peritoneum that lines the entire cavity. These pliable tissues facilitate the required expansion when food is ingested into the STOMACH, as well as the several crucial muscular motions involved in digestion. In youngsters, the abdomen may exhibit significant protrusion, yet if this protrusion is excessively pronounced, it may suggest the presence of a sickness. In healthy young adults, the structure should have either a little prominence or a small indrawing, revealing the contour of the muscular layer, particularly the pair of vertically running muscles (recti), which are separated into four or five portions by transverse lines. In elderly individuals, adipose tissue often accumulates both on and within the abdominal region. During pregnancy, the organs in the abdomen expand starting from the 12th week following conception, as the developing foetus in the uterus grows.  The main constituents of the abdominal cavity consist of the digestive organs, namely the stomach and intestine, together with the related glands, the liver and pancreas. When lieing down, the stomach is positioned above and to the left, although it may be significantly lower when standing. Located superiorly and to the right, the liver is mostly concealed by the ribs and occupies the cavernous space of the diaphragm. The pair of kidneys are positioned against the posterior wall on both sides, safeguarded by the final two ribs. The ureters, also known as urine ducts, descend from the kidneys along the posterior wall to the urinary bladder located in the pelvis. The pancreas is situated anatomically between the kidneys, with a suprarenal gland located at the superior end of each kidney towards the spine. The SPLEEN is located in a high elevated location on the left side, partially behind the stomach. The major blood vessels and nerves are located on the posterior wall, while the remaining area is occupied by the intestines or bowels (see to INTESTINE information). Located bilaterally in front of the kidneys, the large intestine extends beneath the stomach from right to left, while the small intestine is suspended from the posterior wall in coils that occupy the gaps between the other organs. Positioned below the stomach, just in front of the intestines, is the OMENTUM, also known as the apron, which is rich in fat and serves to safeguard the intestines. During pregnancy, the UTERUS, also known as the womb, ascends from the pelvis into the belly as it grows in size, thereby elevating the coils of the small intestine above it. The pelvic region is the anatomical structure located within the bony pelvis, which includes the rectal area, bladder, prostate gland in males, uterus, ovarian organs, and fallopian tubes in females..  |
Kembara XtraFacts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery. Categories
All
|
RSS Feed
