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KembaraXtra-Psychology – Butyrophenone Butyrophenones are a class of antipsychotic (neuroleptic) drugs that primarily function as dopamine antagonists. By blocking dopamine receptors—particularly D2 receptors—they reduce symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, and agitation. Notable examples include haloperidol and droperidol. These medications are commonly used in the treatment of schizophrenia, Tourette’s disorder, and certain movement disorders. Their clinical effectiveness demonstrates the central role of dopamine dysregulation in psychotic and motor symptoms. 
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KembaraXtra-Psychology – Buspiron Buspirone is an anxiolytic (anti-anxiety) medication that differs chemically and pharmacologically from benzodiazepines. Unlike drugs such as diazepam, buspirone does not produce significant sedation, muscle relaxation, or dependency, and it does not show cross-tolerance with benzodiazepines. Its action is primarily associated with serotonin (5-HT1A) receptors, although its exact mechanism is complex and not fully understood. Because it has a slower onset of action, it is most effective for generalized anxiety rather than acute panic states. Buspirone represents an important development in psychopharmacology by offering anxiety relief with lower abuse potential.  KembaraXtra-Psychology – Burnt Odour Burnt odour is classified as one of the primary odour qualities in certain early olfactory classification systems. It resembles the smell of tar or charred material and reflects attempts to categorize olfactory perception into fundamental sensory types.  KembaraXtra-Psychology – Burnout Burnout is a condition of emotional and physical exhaustion resulting from prolonged stress, particularly occupational stress. Symptoms include fatigue, cynicism, reduced professional efficacy, and psychological distress. Burnout underscores the cumulative impact of chronic demands on mental health.  KembaraXtra-Psychology – Buridan’s Ass Buridan’s ass is a philosophical example illustrating decision-making paralysis. A hypothetical donkey placed exactly between two identical bales of hay is unable to choose and therefore starves. The scenario symbolizes approach–approach conflict and highlights the limitations of purely rational decision rules when options are equally attractive.  KembaraXtra-Psychology – Buprenorphine Buprenorphine is a partial opioid agonist used in pain management and in the treatment of opioid addiction. By binding strongly to opioid receptors while producing milder effects than full agonists like heroin, it reduces cravings and withdrawal symptoms without generating the same level of euphoria. Its pharmacological properties make it valuable in harm-reduction approaches.  KembaraXtra-Psychology – Bunsen–Roscoe Law The Bunsen–Roscoe law, also known as Bloch’s law, states that the effect of light on a photosensitive substance depends on the product of intensity and duration. Expressed as I × t = k, it indicates that a brief, intense flash can have the same photochemical effect as a longer, dimmer exposure. The principle applies to visual perception at very short durations and to photographic processes.  KembaraXtra-Psychology – Bundle Hypothesis The bundle hypothesis is the idea that a complex perception is simply the sum of its individual sensory elements. This view was criticized by Gestalt psychologists, who argued that perception involves organized wholes that are more than the mere aggregation of parts.  KembaraXtra-Psychology – Bulimia Nervosa (BN) Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by recurrent binge-eating episodes accompanied by inappropriate compensatory behaviors such as vomiting, laxative misuse, fasting, or excessive exercise. Individuals typically place excessive importance on body weight and shape in their self-evaluation. Unlike anorexia nervosa, body weight may remain within a normal range, making the disorder less visible but equally serious.  KembaraXtra-Psychology – Bulimia Bulimia originally referred to pathological overeating or excessive appetite. In modern usage, it is often shorthand for bulimia nervosa, an eating disorder involving cycles of binge eating and compensatory behaviors. The broader medical meaning includes hyperphagia resulting from neurological or metabolic causes.  |
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