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Legal Terms - Bryan Treaties (Bryan Arbitration Treaties)
the set of agreements that created permanent commissions of inquiry and were signed in Washington in 1914. William Jennings Bryan, the US Secretary of State at the time, is the inspiration behind their name. These types of investigations were intended to settle disputes between the United States of America and numerous foreign nations. Although the treaties varied, they all shared the following important aspect: the *high contracting parties committed to: (1) not starting hostilities before the report was submitted; and (2) referring all disputes that diplomatic means had failed to resolve to a Permanent International Commission for investigation and report.
the set of agreements that created permanent commissions of inquiry and were signed in Washington in 1914. William Jennings Bryan, the US Secretary of State at the time, is the inspiration behind their name. These types of investigations were intended to settle disputes between the United States of America and numerous foreign nations. Although the treaties varied, they all shared the following important aspect: the *high contracting parties committed to: (1) not starting hostilities before the report was submitted; and (2) referring all disputes that diplomatic means had failed to resolve to a Permanent International Commission for investigation and report.
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Legal Terms - Brütüm Fulmen
brutum fulmen [Latin: senseless thunderbolt] An empty threat; any judgment or decree that is unenforceable or void.
brutum fulmen [Latin: senseless thunderbolt] An empty threat; any judgment or decree that is unenforceable or void.
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Legal Terms - Brussels Convention
a 1968 international agreement that establishes which courts will have jurisdiction over issues involving other countries. In general, contracts that specify that any disputes will be heard by the courts of a certain nation will be honored. In cases where the parties have not selected a forum for their disputes, the Convention further specifies guidelines. The Convention is individually ratified by numerous EU states; the UK ratified it in 1978 and made it a national law in 1982.
a 1968 international agreement that establishes which courts will have jurisdiction over issues involving other countries. In general, contracts that specify that any disputes will be heard by the courts of a certain nation will be honored. In cases where the parties have not selected a forum for their disputes, the Convention further specifies guidelines. The Convention is individually ratified by numerous EU states; the UK ratified it in 1978 and made it a national law in 1982.
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Legal Terms - brothel
A brothel is a location where men or women can engage in prostitution. A contract for the hiring or leasing of a brothel is null and unlawful due to its violation of public policy. Additionally, landlords are prohibited from renting out property knowing that it will be used as a brothel under sections 33–36 of the Sexual Offences Act 1956 (Kelly v. Purvis [1983] AC 663 (QB)). Additionally, it is illegal for someone to run or assist in a brothel, as well as for a tenant or other property owner to allow a brothel to be operated on their property. For the purposes of the Sexual Offences Act 1967, Section 6, a location is considered a brothel.
Under the Act of 1956's sections 33–35 if individuals use it for lewd homosexual activities in situations where using it for lewd heterosexual activities would have resulted in it being classified as a brothel for the purposes of those provisions.
A brothel is a location where men or women can engage in prostitution. A contract for the hiring or leasing of a brothel is null and unlawful due to its violation of public policy. Additionally, landlords are prohibited from renting out property knowing that it will be used as a brothel under sections 33–36 of the Sexual Offences Act 1956 (Kelly v. Purvis [1983] AC 663 (QB)). Additionally, it is illegal for someone to run or assist in a brothel, as well as for a tenant or other property owner to allow a brothel to be operated on their property. For the purposes of the Sexual Offences Act 1967, Section 6, a location is considered a brothel.
Under the Act of 1956's sections 33–35 if individuals use it for lewd homosexual activities in situations where using it for lewd heterosexual activities would have resulted in it being classified as a brothel for the purposes of those provisions.
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Legal Terms - Broadmoor
A psychiatric facility located in Crowthorne, Berkshire, near Camberley, that offers high-security services. It is responsible for the care of patients who are hazardous and violent, who were previously referred to as criminal lunatics.
A psychiatric facility located in Crowthorne, Berkshire, near Camberley, that offers high-security services. It is responsible for the care of patients who are hazardous and violent, who were previously referred to as criminal lunatics.
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Legal Terms -British subject
A secondary status that was common to all who were predominantly citizens of the UK and Colonies or of one of the independent Commonwealth countries was established under the British Nationality Act 1948. A small number of individuals who did not possess any primary citizenship, such as former British subjects who were also citizens of Eire (as it was at the time) or who could have obtained one of the primary citizenships but did not do so, also shared this status.
The term "British subject" was restricted to individuals who had previously enjoyed it under the 1948 Act and did not possess one of the primary citizenships under the British Nationality Act 1981, which replaced it on 1 January 1983. The term "Commonwealth citizen" was redefined as a secondary status with a more universal application. The Act stipulated that minors were eligible to petition for registration as British subjects, and British subjects were entitled to registration as British citizens as a result of their residence in the United Kingdom.
A secondary status that was common to all who were predominantly citizens of the UK and Colonies or of one of the independent Commonwealth countries was established under the British Nationality Act 1948. A small number of individuals who did not possess any primary citizenship, such as former British subjects who were also citizens of Eire (as it was at the time) or who could have obtained one of the primary citizenships but did not do so, also shared this status.
The term "British subject" was restricted to individuals who had previously enjoyed it under the 1948 Act and did not possess one of the primary citizenships under the British Nationality Act 1981, which replaced it on 1 January 1983. The term "Commonwealth citizen" was redefined as a secondary status with a more universal application. The Act stipulated that minors were eligible to petition for registration as British subjects, and British subjects were entitled to registration as British citizens as a result of their residence in the United Kingdom.
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Legal Terms -British protected person
British protected person An individual who is classified as such by an order under the British Nationality Act 1981 or the Solomon Islands Act 1978 due to their affiliation with erstwhile protectorates, protected states, and trust territories. A British protected person may be eligible for registration as a British citizen as a result of their residence in the United Kingdom. An individual who is classified as such by an order under the British Nationality Act 1981 or the Solomon Islands Act 1978 due to their affiliation with erstwhile protectorates, protected states, and trust territories. A British protected person may be eligible for registration as a British citizen as a result of their residence in the United Kingdom.
British protected person An individual who is classified as such by an order under the British Nationality Act 1981 or the Solomon Islands Act 1978 due to their affiliation with erstwhile protectorates, protected states, and trust territories. A British protected person may be eligible for registration as a British citizen as a result of their residence in the United Kingdom. An individual who is classified as such by an order under the British Nationality Act 1981 or the Solomon Islands Act 1978 due to their affiliation with erstwhile protectorates, protected states, and trust territories. A British protected person may be eligible for registration as a British citizen as a result of their residence in the United Kingdom.
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Legal Terms -British Overseas Territories citizenship
One of three types of citizenship that were substituted for UK and colony citizenship (as British Dependent Territories Citizenship) by the British Nationality Act of 1981. *British citizenship and *British Overseas citizenship are the other two. A schedule to the Act lists the territories that are relevant for the purposes of this type of citizenship; these include, among other places, Gibraltar and Bermuda. Approximately 63,000 individuals currently possess valid British passports with this classification, granting them consular protection when they go overseas.
Many current UK and Colony citizens were automatically granted citizenship on January 1, 1983, the day the Act went into effect. These individuals were citizens by birth, by registration or naturalization in a dependent territory, or by descent from parents or grandparents who were citizens on one of those grounds. Since then, acquisition (and deprivation in the case of naturalized or registered citizens) has been regulated by rules akin to those governing British citizenship, with the notable exception that acquisition through registration almost exclusively pertains to minors. The Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act of 2002 placed additional restrictions on the ability to register as a citizen of the British Overseas Territories. Because they live in the UK, citizens of the British Overseas Territories are eligible to register as British citizens. Individuals who held citizenship in the British Dependent Territories due to their relationship with Hong Kong lost their status on July 1, 1997. They might, however, register to obtain *British National (Overseas), a new kind of British nationality. Nearly all British Overseas Territories nationals were granted full British citizenship (including the *right of abode) by the British Overseas Territories Act 2002; the majority of these individuals currently possess both forms of citizenship.
One of three types of citizenship that were substituted for UK and colony citizenship (as British Dependent Territories Citizenship) by the British Nationality Act of 1981. *British citizenship and *British Overseas citizenship are the other two. A schedule to the Act lists the territories that are relevant for the purposes of this type of citizenship; these include, among other places, Gibraltar and Bermuda. Approximately 63,000 individuals currently possess valid British passports with this classification, granting them consular protection when they go overseas.
Many current UK and Colony citizens were automatically granted citizenship on January 1, 1983, the day the Act went into effect. These individuals were citizens by birth, by registration or naturalization in a dependent territory, or by descent from parents or grandparents who were citizens on one of those grounds. Since then, acquisition (and deprivation in the case of naturalized or registered citizens) has been regulated by rules akin to those governing British citizenship, with the notable exception that acquisition through registration almost exclusively pertains to minors. The Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act of 2002 placed additional restrictions on the ability to register as a citizen of the British Overseas Territories. Because they live in the UK, citizens of the British Overseas Territories are eligible to register as British citizens. Individuals who held citizenship in the British Dependent Territories due to their relationship with Hong Kong lost their status on July 1, 1997. They might, however, register to obtain *British National (Overseas), a new kind of British nationality. Nearly all British Overseas Territories nationals were granted full British citizenship (including the *right of abode) by the British Overseas Territories Act 2002; the majority of these individuals currently possess both forms of citizenship.
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Legal Terms-British Overseas citizenship
one of three types of citizenship that were substituted for UK and colonial citizenship by the British Nationality Act of 1981. The Act automatically granted citizenship to all current UK and Colony citizens on January 1, 1983, the day it went into effect, provided they were not eligible for any other program.
new forms (now known as *British Overseas Territories citizenship, from *British citizenship and British Dependent Territories citizenship). Since then, acquisition has been restricted nearly entirely to minors and has only been possible through registration. The Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act of 2002 further restricted the ability to register as a British Overseas citizen. By virtue of their stay in the UK, a British Overseas citizen may be eligible to register as a British citizen.
one of three types of citizenship that were substituted for UK and colonial citizenship by the British Nationality Act of 1981. The Act automatically granted citizenship to all current UK and Colony citizens on January 1, 1983, the day it went into effect, provided they were not eligible for any other program.
new forms (now known as *British Overseas Territories citizenship, from *British citizenship and British Dependent Territories citizenship). Since then, acquisition has been restricted nearly entirely to minors and has only been possible through registration. The Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act of 2002 further restricted the ability to register as a British Overseas citizen. By virtue of their stay in the UK, a British Overseas citizen may be eligible to register as a British citizen.
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Legal Terms – British Citizenship
British citizenship one of three types of citizenship that were substituted for UK and colonial citizenship by the British Nationality Act of 1981. The other two were *British Overseas citizenship and British Dependent Territories citizenship, which are now combined into *British Overseas citizenship.
On January 1, 1983, the Act came into effect, granting British citizenship automatically to all current citizens of the United Kingdom and its colonies who were eligible to the *right of residence in the United Kingdom as per the Immigration Act of 1971. Since then, obtaining citizenship has been possible through four main channels: naturalization, registration, birth, and descent. If a person is born in the UK and both of his parents are either British citizens or have settled there, meaning they are not subject to immigration regulations limiting their length of stay, then they have it by birth. If one of his parents is British, he gets British citizenship by descent if he was born outside of the country (although not, generally, if that citizenship was itself earned by descent). Those with ties to the Falkland Islands may apply for British citizenship under the terms of the British Nationality (Falkland Islands) Act of 1983. Certain Hong Kong residents were granted new rights to obtain British citizenship by the British Nationality (Hong Kong) Act of 1997. Ultimately, almost all British Overseas Territories nationals were granted full British citizenship by the British Overseas Territories Act 2002; the majority of them currently possess both types of citizenship. A juvenile may apply for registration, but adults may only do so if they have specific ties to the UK. In some circumstances (such as British nationals residing in overseas territories, British citizens abroad, British protected individuals, and
For British nationals who meet specific residency requirements, this is a right; in other cases, the Secretary of State may choose to grant it. Any adult may apply for naturalization, although approval is always based on discretion and has additional residency and other conditions (such as evidence of good character). A requirement imposed by the Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act of 2002 is that applicants must show that they are familiar with British culture and way of life. The naturalization process may be expedited under the Borders, Citizenship and Immigration Act of 2009 if the applicant performs volunteer community service.
A citizen who has registered or been naturalized may lose their citizenship if they were granted it illegally, act disloyally, or get a sentence during the first five years that involves more than a year in jail. A number of clauses in the Immigration, Asylum and Nationality Act of 2006 also provide the Home Secretary the authority to deny someone their British citizenship or right to reside in the country if they believe that doing so would be "conducive to the public good" (s. 56). David Matthew Hicks, an Australian prisoner in Guantanamo Bay, sought British citizenship on the basis of his maternal ancestry, as permitted under the 2002 Act. On July 5, 2006, Hicks was awarded citizenship; however, a few hours later, section 56 of the 2006 Act took away that citizenship. The Home Secretary may, in extraordinary circumstances, take someone's citizenship without first telling them, as per the current Nationality and Borders Bill (2021).
British citizenship one of three types of citizenship that were substituted for UK and colonial citizenship by the British Nationality Act of 1981. The other two were *British Overseas citizenship and British Dependent Territories citizenship, which are now combined into *British Overseas citizenship.
On January 1, 1983, the Act came into effect, granting British citizenship automatically to all current citizens of the United Kingdom and its colonies who were eligible to the *right of residence in the United Kingdom as per the Immigration Act of 1971. Since then, obtaining citizenship has been possible through four main channels: naturalization, registration, birth, and descent. If a person is born in the UK and both of his parents are either British citizens or have settled there, meaning they are not subject to immigration regulations limiting their length of stay, then they have it by birth. If one of his parents is British, he gets British citizenship by descent if he was born outside of the country (although not, generally, if that citizenship was itself earned by descent). Those with ties to the Falkland Islands may apply for British citizenship under the terms of the British Nationality (Falkland Islands) Act of 1983. Certain Hong Kong residents were granted new rights to obtain British citizenship by the British Nationality (Hong Kong) Act of 1997. Ultimately, almost all British Overseas Territories nationals were granted full British citizenship by the British Overseas Territories Act 2002; the majority of them currently possess both types of citizenship. A juvenile may apply for registration, but adults may only do so if they have specific ties to the UK. In some circumstances (such as British nationals residing in overseas territories, British citizens abroad, British protected individuals, and
For British nationals who meet specific residency requirements, this is a right; in other cases, the Secretary of State may choose to grant it. Any adult may apply for naturalization, although approval is always based on discretion and has additional residency and other conditions (such as evidence of good character). A requirement imposed by the Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act of 2002 is that applicants must show that they are familiar with British culture and way of life. The naturalization process may be expedited under the Borders, Citizenship and Immigration Act of 2009 if the applicant performs volunteer community service.
A citizen who has registered or been naturalized may lose their citizenship if they were granted it illegally, act disloyally, or get a sentence during the first five years that involves more than a year in jail. A number of clauses in the Immigration, Asylum and Nationality Act of 2006 also provide the Home Secretary the authority to deny someone their British citizenship or right to reside in the country if they believe that doing so would be "conducive to the public good" (s. 56). David Matthew Hicks, an Australian prisoner in Guantanamo Bay, sought British citizenship on the basis of his maternal ancestry, as permitted under the 2002 Act. On July 5, 2006, Hicks was awarded citizenship; however, a few hours later, section 56 of the 2006 Act took away that citizenship. The Home Secretary may, in extraordinary circumstances, take someone's citizenship without first telling them, as per the current Nationality and Borders Bill (2021).
