LAW

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KembaraXtra – Legal Terms – Minority Protection
Minority protection refers to legal remedies available to protect minority shareholders from unfair conduct by those controlling a company.
Company law generally operates according to majority rule, but safeguards exist to prevent abuse of power by majority shareholders or directors.
Available remedies may include derivative claims, representative actions, claims for unfair prejudice, investigations into company affairs, or applications for just and equitable winding-up of the compan

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KembaraXtra – Legal Terms – Misjoinder of Parties
Misjoinder of parties occurs when parties are incorrectly joined in legal proceedings.
Modern procedural rules generally prevent such mistakes from automatically defeating an action. Instead, the court may correct the problem through amendment procedures.
The aim is to ensure that technical procedural errors do not unnecessarily obstruct justice.

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KembaraXtra – Legal Terms – Misfeasance Summons
A misfeasance summons is an application made to the court during the winding-up of a company under insolvency law.
It allows creditors, contributories, liquidators, or the official receiver to request investigation into the conduct of company officers or others suspected of breaching duties owed to the company.
If wrongdoing is established, the court may order restitution, repayment, or compensation to restore losses suffered by the company.

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KembaraXtra – Legal Terms – Misfeasance in Public Office
Misfeasance in public office is a tort that applies specifically to public authorities and public officials.
The tort arises where a public officer abuses official power maliciously or in bad faith, causing loss or harm to another person.
Claimants must generally prove deliberate misuse of authority or reckless disregard for legality, making it an important mechanism for holding public officials accountable.

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KembaraXtra – Legal Terms – Misfeasance
Misfeasance generally means the improper or negligent performance of a lawful act.
In company law, the term often refers to breaches of duty or misuse of company assets by company officers, directors, or others owing fiduciary obligations.
The concept differs from malfeasance, which involves unlawful acts, and nonfeasance, which involves failure to act where action is required.

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KembaraXtra – Legal Terms – Misdirection
A misdirection occurs when a judge gives a jury incorrect guidance on a point of law during a trial.
Because juries rely on judicial directions to apply the law correctly, a serious error may undermine the fairness of the proceedings.
If a misdirection affects the safety of a conviction, an appellate court such as the Court of Appeal may quash the conviction.

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KembaraXtra – Legal Terms – Mirror Principle
The mirror principle is one of the fundamental principles of land registration.
It states that the land register should accurately and completely reflect all rights and interests affecting registered land so that purchasers can rely on the register alone.
However, overriding interests create exceptions to this principle because such interests may bind purchasers even though they do not appear on the register. The principle operates alongside the curtain principle and indemnity principle.

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KembaraXtra – Legal Terms – Miscarriage
A miscarriage may refer either to a failure of justice or to a spontaneous abortion, depending on the legal context.
In criminal justice, a miscarriage of justice occurs where the legal process has failed, resulting in wrongful conviction, unfair treatment, or other serious procedural injustice.
In medical and family law contexts, the term refers to a spontaneous loss of pregnancy that occurs naturally rather than through induced abortion.

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KembaraXtra – Legal Terms – Misdemeanour


A misdemeanour was formerly one of the categories of criminal offences in English law.


Before 1967, offences were generally divided into felonies and misdemeanours, with misdemeanours regarded as less serious crimes.


The distinction has since been abolished, and modern criminal law no longer classifies offences in this way.
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KembaraXtra – Legal Terms – Minutes
Minutes are formal written records of proceedings and decisions made during meetings.
Companies are legally required to keep minutes of general meetings, board meetings, and meetings of managers or directors. These records provide evidence of decisions taken and business transacted.
Under company law, members of a registered company are entitled to inspect minutes of general meetings at the company’s registered office or another prescribed location.

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