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KembaraXtra – Legal Terms – Oath of Allegiance
An oath of allegiance is a formal promise of loyalty and faithfulness to the Crown.
It is taken by members of both Houses of Parliament at the start of a new Parliament, by certain Crown officers upon appointment, and by persons acquiring British nationality through registration or naturalization.
The oath symbolizes allegiance to the constitutional authority of the state.
An oath of allegiance is a formal promise of loyalty and faithfulness to the Crown.
It is taken by members of both Houses of Parliament at the start of a new Parliament, by certain Crown officers upon appointment, and by persons acquiring British nationality through registration or naturalization.
The oath symbolizes allegiance to the constitutional authority of the state.
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KembaraXtra – Legal Terms – Oath
An oath is a formal declaration in which a person swears that a statement is true or that a promise will be faithfully carried out, traditionally by calling upon God as a witness.
Oaths are required in many legal situations, particularly when giving evidence in court or swearing an *affidavit.
A common witness oath is: “I swear by Almighty God that the evidence which I shall give shall be the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth.”
Individuals who object to taking religious oaths, whether because of religious beliefs or because they have none, may instead make an *affirmation.
An oath is a formal declaration in which a person swears that a statement is true or that a promise will be faithfully carried out, traditionally by calling upon God as a witness.
Oaths are required in many legal situations, particularly when giving evidence in court or swearing an *affidavit.
A common witness oath is: “I swear by Almighty God that the evidence which I shall give shall be the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth.”
Individuals who object to taking religious oaths, whether because of religious beliefs or because they have none, may instead make an *affirmation.
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KembaraXtra – Legal Terms – Nuncupative Will
A nuncupative will is an oral declaration expressing how a person wishes property to be distributed after death.
Under English law, oral wills are generally ineffective unless they fall within special exceptions.
The main exceptions are *privileged wills, which may apply to certain military personnel or sailors, and *donatio mortis causa, which concerns gifts made in contemplation of death.
Outside these limited situations, a valid will normally must comply with formal written requirements.
A nuncupative will is an oral declaration expressing how a person wishes property to be distributed after death.
Under English law, oral wills are generally ineffective unless they fall within special exceptions.
The main exceptions are *privileged wills, which may apply to certain military personnel or sailors, and *donatio mortis causa, which concerns gifts made in contemplation of death.
Outside these limited situations, a valid will normally must comply with formal written requirements.
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KembaraXtra – Legal Terms – Nunc Pro Tunc
Nunc pro tunc, meaning “now instead of then,” refers to a judgment or order that is treated as taking legal effect from an earlier date.
Although judgments usually take effect from the day they are made, courts may in special circumstances direct that the order operate retrospectively.
This device is commonly used to correct procedural issues or to reflect what should legally have occurred at an earlier time.
Nunc pro tunc, meaning “now instead of then,” refers to a judgment or order that is treated as taking legal effect from an earlier date.
Although judgments usually take effect from the day they are made, courts may in special circumstances direct that the order operate retrospectively.
This device is commonly used to correct procedural issues or to reflect what should legally have occurred at an earlier time.
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KembaraXtra – Legal Terms – Nullum Crimen Sine Lege
Nullum crimen sine lege means “no crime without a law.”
It expresses the principle of legality, namely that conduct cannot amount to a criminal offence unless the law has previously declared it to be criminal.
Many offences are created by statute, while others exist under the common law.
The principle seeks to prevent people from being punished for conduct that was not recognized as criminal at the time it occurred.
Nullum crimen sine lege means “no crime without a law.”
It expresses the principle of legality, namely that conduct cannot amount to a criminal offence unless the law has previously declared it to be criminal.
Many offences are created by statute, while others exist under the common law.
The principle seeks to prevent people from being punished for conduct that was not recognized as criminal at the time it occurred.
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KembaraXtra – Legal Terms – Nullity of Marriage
Nullity of marriage refers to the legal invalidity of a marriage because of a defect existing at the time of the marriage or arising shortly afterwards.
A marriage may be void, meaning it was never legally valid from the beginning, or voidable, meaning it remains valid until a court formally annuls it.
Common grounds for a void marriage include prohibited relationships, one party being under the legal age for marriage, or one party already being married or in a civil partnership.
Grounds making a marriage voidable include incapacity or refusal to consummate the marriage, pregnancy by another person at the time of marriage, or lack of genuine consent due to duress or similar factors.
When granting an annulment, courts also possess powers to make financial provision and property adjustment orders.
Nullity of marriage refers to the legal invalidity of a marriage because of a defect existing at the time of the marriage or arising shortly afterwards.
A marriage may be void, meaning it was never legally valid from the beginning, or voidable, meaning it remains valid until a court formally annuls it.
Common grounds for a void marriage include prohibited relationships, one party being under the legal age for marriage, or one party already being married or in a civil partnership.
Grounds making a marriage voidable include incapacity or refusal to consummate the marriage, pregnancy by another person at the time of marriage, or lack of genuine consent due to duress or similar factors.
When granting an annulment, courts also possess powers to make financial provision and property adjustment orders.
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KembaraXtra – Legal Terms – Nulla Poena Sine Lege
Nulla poena sine lege means “no punishment without a law.”
The principle states that a person may only be punished where the punishment is authorized by law.
Punishments may be fixed by statute or determined according to common-law principles.
Most statutory offences provide only the maximum possible sentence, leaving judges discretion to impose a lesser sentence according to the circumstances of the case.
Magistrates’ courts are generally subject to lower sentencing limits than Crown Courts.
Nulla poena sine lege means “no punishment without a law.”
The principle states that a person may only be punished where the punishment is authorized by law.
Punishments may be fixed by statute or determined according to common-law principles.
Most statutory offences provide only the maximum possible sentence, leaving judges discretion to impose a lesser sentence according to the circumstances of the case.
Magistrates’ courts are generally subject to lower sentencing limits than Crown Courts.
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KembaraXtra – Legal Terms – Nuisance Neighbours
Nuisance neighbours are people who seriously interfere with the peaceful enjoyment of nearby homes.
Their conduct may include harassment, threatening behaviour, persistent excessive noise, intimidation, or other disruptive acts.
Protection is provided under legislation such as the Protection from Harassment Act 1997 and the Criminal Justice and Police Act 2001.
Courts may issue restraining orders preventing the offender from harassing neighbours or approaching them, and in some cases eviction may also be ordered.
Serious harassment involving threats of violence may result in imprisonment and substantial fines.
Nuisance neighbours are people who seriously interfere with the peaceful enjoyment of nearby homes.
Their conduct may include harassment, threatening behaviour, persistent excessive noise, intimidation, or other disruptive acts.
Protection is provided under legislation such as the Protection from Harassment Act 1997 and the Criminal Justice and Police Act 2001.
Courts may issue restraining orders preventing the offender from harassing neighbours or approaching them, and in some cases eviction may also be ordered.
Serious harassment involving threats of violence may result in imprisonment and substantial fines.
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KembaraXtra – Legal Terms – Nuisance
A nuisance is an activity or condition that interferes with the use or enjoyment of land or with public health, safety, or comfort.
Private nuisance is a tort protecting landowners and occupiers against unreasonable interference such as excessive noise, fumes, smells, smoke, dust, or vibrations. It may also involve physical damage to land, buildings, or vegetation.
To bring an action in private nuisance, a claimant generally must possess a property right or exclusive occupation of the affected land. Courts assess reasonableness by considering factors such as the nature of the locality and the foreseeability of harm.
The usual remedies include damages, injunctions, or in limited situations, abatement of the nuisance.
Public nuisance, by contrast, is a criminal offence affecting the public at large. Examples include obstructing highways, operating offensive trades, or selling unsafe food. A private person may only sue for public nuisance if they suffer special damage beyond that experienced by the general public.
Modern statutes also regulate statutory nuisances involving matters such as pollution, public health, and excessive noise, allowing local authorities to issue abatement notices and other enforcement measures.
A nuisance is an activity or condition that interferes with the use or enjoyment of land or with public health, safety, or comfort.
Private nuisance is a tort protecting landowners and occupiers against unreasonable interference such as excessive noise, fumes, smells, smoke, dust, or vibrations. It may also involve physical damage to land, buildings, or vegetation.
To bring an action in private nuisance, a claimant generally must possess a property right or exclusive occupation of the affected land. Courts assess reasonableness by considering factors such as the nature of the locality and the foreseeability of harm.
The usual remedies include damages, injunctions, or in limited situations, abatement of the nuisance.
Public nuisance, by contrast, is a criminal offence affecting the public at large. Examples include obstructing highways, operating offensive trades, or selling unsafe food. A private person may only sue for public nuisance if they suffer special damage beyond that experienced by the general public.
Modern statutes also regulate statutory nuisances involving matters such as pollution, public health, and excessive noise, allowing local authorities to issue abatement notices and other enforcement measures.
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KembaraXtra – Legal Terms – Nudum Pactum
Nudum pactum, meaning “naked agreement,” refers to an agreement unsupported by consideration.
At common law, a promise without consideration is generally unenforceable unless made in a valid deed.
The principle forms part of the law of contract and emphasizes that legally binding agreements normally require something of value to be exchanged between the parties.
Nudum pactum, meaning “naked agreement,” refers to an agreement unsupported by consideration.
At common law, a promise without consideration is generally unenforceable unless made in a valid deed.
The principle forms part of the law of contract and emphasizes that legally binding agreements normally require something of value to be exchanged between the parties.