- Published on
KembaraXtra – Legal Terms – International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia
The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia was established to address war crimes committed during the conflicts in the Balkans from 1991 onwards.
It played a key role in ending impunity for international crimes and clarifying doctrines such as command responsibility and crimes against humanity.
- Published on
KembaraXtra – Legal Terms – International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda was created by the UN Security Council to prosecute those responsible for genocide and serious violations of humanitarian law committed in Rwanda in 1994.
The tribunal contributed significantly to the development of international criminal law, particularly in defining genocide and sexual violence as international crimes.
- Published on
KembaraXtra – Legal Terms – International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, commonly known as the World Bank, is a United Nations–affiliated institution established to promote economic development through loans and technical assistance.
Its primary focus is supporting infrastructure, education, health, and institutional reform in developing states. Membership carries financial and governance obligations and plays a central role in international development finance.
- Published on
KembaraXtra – Legal Terms – Internal Waters
Internal waters include rivers, lakes, port, and waters on the landward side of a state’s territorial baseline. These waters are treated as part of the state’s sovereign territory.
Within internal waters, a state exercises full civil, criminal, and administrative jurisdiction, even over foreign vessels. This distinguishes internal waters from territorial seas, where certain navigation rights apply.
- Published on
KembaraXtra – Legal Terms – Intermediary
An intermediary is a person who facilitates communication between a witness and the court, most commonly in criminal proceedings involving vulnerable witnesses such as children or persons with communication difficulties.
The intermediary does not give evidence or advocate for either side. Instead, they ensure that questions are understood and that answers are communicated accurately, supporting the fairness and reliability of the trial process.
- Published on
KembaraXtra – Legal Terms – Interlineation
Interlineation refers to writing inserted between the lines of a document after it has been drafted. In legal documents, this is treated as an alteration.
Such changes may affect the validity or interpretation of the document. Courts scrutinize interlineations carefully to prevent fraud or uncertainty.
- Published on
KembaraXtra – Legal Terms – Intermediate Terms
Intermediate terms, also known as innominate terms, are contractual terms that cannot be neatly classified as conditions or warranties. Their legal effect depends on the seriousness of the breach rather than the label attached to the term.
If the breach deprives the innocent party of substantially the whole benefit of the contract, termination is permitted. Otherwise, the remedy is limited to damages, allowing flexibility and proportionality in contract law.
- Published on
KembaraXtra – Legal Terms – Interlocutory
Interlocutory describes decisions, applications, or proceedings that take place during the course of litigation but do not finally determine the dispute. Traditionally, interlocutory matters included applications for injunctions, discovery, or security for costs.
Under modern civil procedure, the term has largely been replaced by “interim.” Nevertheless, interlocutory remains important historically and conceptually, particularly when analysing older case law or understanding the evolution of procedural rules.
- Published on
KembaraXtra – Legal Terms – International Court of Justice
The International Court of Justice is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations. It settles disputes between states and provides advisory opinions on legal questions referred to it.
Its jurisdiction depends on state consent, reflecting the sovereign equality of states. Although its judgments are binding only on the parties, they carry significant authority in international law.
- Published on
KembaraXtra – Legal Terms – International Carriage
International carriage refers to the transport of goods or passengers across national borders. It is regulated by a network of international conventions designed to harmonize liability rules and commercial expectations.
Different conventions apply depending on the mode of transport, such as sea, road, rail, or air. Domestic legislation often incorporates these conventions to give them legal effect.
