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Legal Terms – crystallization
. An event or a condition that is complied with, causing a floating *charge to stop “floating” over a company’s fluctuating assets (e.g. cash, stock-in-trade) and to fasten upon the existing assets (and value) at that time. This will happen once a *receiver appointed in accordance with the charge's conditions arranges for the debt's repayment from assets covered by the charge. Alternately, further occurrences or circumstances could be mentioned under the
conditions of the charge at the time of creation (for example, in the event that the business enters liquidation; refer to WINDING-UP) or upon notice from the charge holder to the business (Re Brightlife Ltd [1987] Ch 200). The corporation is free to do with the assets subject to the charge as it pleases until crystallization.
. An event or a condition that is complied with, causing a floating *charge to stop “floating” over a company’s fluctuating assets (e.g. cash, stock-in-trade) and to fasten upon the existing assets (and value) at that time. This will happen once a *receiver appointed in accordance with the charge's conditions arranges for the debt's repayment from assets covered by the charge. Alternately, further occurrences or circumstances could be mentioned under the
conditions of the charge at the time of creation (for example, in the event that the business enters liquidation; refer to WINDING-UP) or upon notice from the charge holder to the business (Re Brightlife Ltd [1987] Ch 200). The corporation is free to do with the assets subject to the charge as it pleases until crystallization.
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Legal Terms - Cuius est solum, eius est usque ad coelum et ad inferos
[Late Latin: the land belongs to the owner to the top of the sky and the bottom of hell] A proverb that characterizes the vertical extent of a landowner's claim, and is credited to the 13th-century jurist Accursius. It is understood to encompass the substrata, the surface, and *airspace. As a "fanciful phrase and one rejected with a united voice by academics," Justice Bowen rejected this in Wandsworth Board of Works v. unified Telephone Co. (1884) 13 QBD 904. But when it came to oil wells located far below the earth's surface, the Supreme Court upheld the adage in Bocardo SA v. Star Energy UK Onshore Ltd [2010] UKSC 35, [2011] 1 AC 380. The Infrastructure Act of 2015, enacted to approve fracking, has now specifically limited the idea that any intrusion onto territory below the surface will be considered trespassing. Without the landowner's permission, petroleum or deep geothermal energy may be extracted from "deep level land" (defined as being at least 300 meters below sea level) under the Act. Furthermore, the Crown is entitled to certain minerals (like gold and silver) under common law and to other minerals (like oil and gas) under statute. Airspace rights are restricted to the height necessary for the land's typical usage (Bernstein v. Skyviews [1978] QB 479)
[Late Latin: the land belongs to the owner to the top of the sky and the bottom of hell] A proverb that characterizes the vertical extent of a landowner's claim, and is credited to the 13th-century jurist Accursius. It is understood to encompass the substrata, the surface, and *airspace. As a "fanciful phrase and one rejected with a united voice by academics," Justice Bowen rejected this in Wandsworth Board of Works v. unified Telephone Co. (1884) 13 QBD 904. But when it came to oil wells located far below the earth's surface, the Supreme Court upheld the adage in Bocardo SA v. Star Energy UK Onshore Ltd [2010] UKSC 35, [2011] 1 AC 380. The Infrastructure Act of 2015, enacted to approve fracking, has now specifically limited the idea that any intrusion onto territory below the surface will be considered trespassing. Without the landowner's permission, petroleum or deep geothermal energy may be extracted from "deep level land" (defined as being at least 300 meters below sea level) under the Act. Furthermore, the Crown is entitled to certain minerals (like gold and silver) under common law and to other minerals (like oil and gas) under statute. Airspace rights are restricted to the height necessary for the land's typical usage (Bernstein v. Skyviews [1978] QB 479)
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Legal Terms - culpa tenet suos auctores
[Latin: a fault binds its own authors] a proverb that states that the only person accountable for a mistake is the one who made it directly. As a result, *vicarious responsibility would be excluded.
[Latin: a fault binds its own authors] a proverb that states that the only person accountable for a mistake is the one who made it directly. As a result, *vicarious responsibility would be excluded.
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Legal Terms - cum testamento annexo
[Latin: with the will annexed] When a deceased person's will does not name executors or when the named executors cannot prove the will, a grant of *letters of administration with the will affixed is made (Senior Courts Act 1981 s. 119; Non-Contentious Probate Rules 1987 r 20).
[Latin: with the will annexed] When a deceased person's will does not name executors or when the named executors cannot prove the will, a grant of *letters of administration with the will affixed is made (Senior Courts Act 1981 s. 119; Non-Contentious Probate Rules 1987 r 20).
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Legal Terms - Curia advisari vult, or c.a.v.,
is Latin for "the court wishes to consider the matter." An acronym used in legal reports to indicate that the court's decision was made at a later time rather than extempore, at the conclusion of the hearing.
is Latin for "the court wishes to consider the matter." An acronym used in legal reports to indicate that the court's decision was made at a later time rather than extempore, at the conclusion of the hearing.
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Legal Terms - curfew requirement
a mandate that an offender stay in a designated location at specific hours. A *community order, a *suspended sentence order, or a *youth rehabilitation order may all include a curfew condition. Section 81 of the Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012 increases the maximum curfew length from 12 hours to 16 hours and the maximum duration of the curfew from 6 months to 12 months.
a mandate that an offender stay in a designated location at specific hours. A *community order, a *suspended sentence order, or a *youth rehabilitation order may all include a curfew condition. Section 81 of the Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012 increases the maximum curfew length from 12 hours to 16 hours and the maximum duration of the curfew from 6 months to 12 months.
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Legal Terms - curtain principle
One of the three tenets of *land registration is the exclusion of information on interests under trusts from the register. When the land is sold, the interests will be overreached, so buyers don't need to be aware of the specifics.
One of the three tenets of *land registration is the exclusion of information on interests under trusts from the register. When the land is sold, the interests will be overreached, so buyers don't need to be aware of the specifics.
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Symptoms and Signs -Differential Diagnosis of Propulsive Gait
Propulsive gait is defined by a stooping, rigid posture, wherein the patient's head and neck are inclined forward, flexed and stiffened arms are positioned away from the body, fingers are extended, and knees and hips are rigidly bent. As the body shifts its center of gravity forward during walking, it impairs balance by causing increasingly rapid, short, shuffling steps with involuntary acceleration (festination) and lack of control over forward motion (propulsion) or backward motion (retropulsion).
Propulsive gait is a key indicator of advanced Parkinson's disease, caused by the gradual deterioration of the ganglia, which are mainly responsible for the motility of smooth muscles. Due to the gradual development of this symptom and the often incorrect attribution of its effects to ageing, propulsive gait often remains undiagnosed or unreported until it severely impairs mobility.
Historical Background and Physical Assessment
Request information from the patient regarding the first onset of his gait disability and any recent exacerbation. Because he may have memory impairments, having ascribed the gait to "old age" or disease processes, you may be able to get information from family members or friends, particularly those who have limited contact with the patient.
Obtain a comprehensive drug history, including the specific type and dosage of the prescription. Request information from the patient regarding the use of tranquilizers, particularly phenothiazines. Particular attention should be given to the dosage if he is aware of his Parkinson's disease and has been using levodopa, since an overdose might lead to an immediate worsening of signs and symptoms. Assuming Parkinson's disease is not a confirmed or suspected diagnosis, inquire with the patient about any instances of acute or regular exposure to carbon monoxide or manganese.
Initiate the physical examination by assessing the patient's reflexes and sensorimotor function, observing any atypical patterns of response.
Medical etiology
Parkinson's disease. Early on, the distinctive and enduring propulsive gait initiates as a shuffle. A slowing of the gait occurs as the condition advances. The primary indicators of the disease include gradual muscle stiffness, which can manifest as either uniform (lead-pipe rigidity) or jerky (cogwheel rigidity); impairing movement; and a subtle tremor that starts in the fingers, intensifies during periods of stress or worry, and diminishes with intentional movement and sleep. Besides the gait, akinesia usually results in a monotonous voice, excessive salivation, a mask-like appearance, a stooped posture, and difficulty speaking, difficulty swallowing, or both. Seldom, it also induces oculogyric crises or blepharospasm.
Drugs.
Pharmacological agents such as phenothiazines, other antipsychotics (particularly haloperidol, thiothixene, and loxapine), and occasionally metoclopramide and metyrosine might cause propulsive gait and potentially other extrapyramidal symptoms. Such effects are often transient, vanishing within a few weeks following the cessation of treatment.
Carbon monoxide poisoning
A propulsive gait often manifests many weeks following acute carbon monoxide poisoning. History of symptoms includes muscular rigidity, choreoathetoid motions, widespread seizures, myoclonic jerks, masklike facial expressions, and dementia.
Manganese poisoning.
Prolonged over exposure to manganese can lead to a gradual, often irreversible, propulsive gait. Common initial symptoms include excessive tiredness, muscular weakness and stiffness, dystonia, resting tremor, choreoathetoid movements, a mask-like appearance, and alterations in personality. Specific occupational groups susceptible to manganese poisoning include welders, railroad workers, miners, steelworkers, and pesticide handlers.
Points of Special Consideration
The patient's gait and resulting motor impairment may hinder his ability to carry out routine activities of daily living. Provide suitable support to him while also fostering his autonomy, self-sufficiency, and self-assurance. It is recommended that the patient and his family allocate sufficient time for these activities, particularly walking, as he is especially prone to falls as a result of festination and impaired balance. To ensure safety, it is important to encourage the patient to continue walking and to remain by his side while he is walking, particularly if he is
in unknown or rough terrain. It may be necessary to direct him to a physical therapist for targeted exercise therapy and retraining of his gait.
Clinical Counseling for Patients
Suggest to the patient and his family to provide sufficient time for walking in order to prevent falls. Educate the patient on the proper use of assistive devices, if deemed suitable.
Guidelines for Pediatrics
Propulsive gait, often accompanied by intense tremors, commonly manifests in juvenile parkinsonism, an uncommon genetic disorder. Additional, while uncommon, potential causes include Hallervorden-Spatz disease and kernicterus.
Propulsive gait is defined by a stooping, rigid posture, wherein the patient's head and neck are inclined forward, flexed and stiffened arms are positioned away from the body, fingers are extended, and knees and hips are rigidly bent. As the body shifts its center of gravity forward during walking, it impairs balance by causing increasingly rapid, short, shuffling steps with involuntary acceleration (festination) and lack of control over forward motion (propulsion) or backward motion (retropulsion).
Propulsive gait is a key indicator of advanced Parkinson's disease, caused by the gradual deterioration of the ganglia, which are mainly responsible for the motility of smooth muscles. Due to the gradual development of this symptom and the often incorrect attribution of its effects to ageing, propulsive gait often remains undiagnosed or unreported until it severely impairs mobility.
Historical Background and Physical Assessment
Request information from the patient regarding the first onset of his gait disability and any recent exacerbation. Because he may have memory impairments, having ascribed the gait to "old age" or disease processes, you may be able to get information from family members or friends, particularly those who have limited contact with the patient.
Obtain a comprehensive drug history, including the specific type and dosage of the prescription. Request information from the patient regarding the use of tranquilizers, particularly phenothiazines. Particular attention should be given to the dosage if he is aware of his Parkinson's disease and has been using levodopa, since an overdose might lead to an immediate worsening of signs and symptoms. Assuming Parkinson's disease is not a confirmed or suspected diagnosis, inquire with the patient about any instances of acute or regular exposure to carbon monoxide or manganese.
Initiate the physical examination by assessing the patient's reflexes and sensorimotor function, observing any atypical patterns of response.
Medical etiology
Parkinson's disease. Early on, the distinctive and enduring propulsive gait initiates as a shuffle. A slowing of the gait occurs as the condition advances. The primary indicators of the disease include gradual muscle stiffness, which can manifest as either uniform (lead-pipe rigidity) or jerky (cogwheel rigidity); impairing movement; and a subtle tremor that starts in the fingers, intensifies during periods of stress or worry, and diminishes with intentional movement and sleep. Besides the gait, akinesia usually results in a monotonous voice, excessive salivation, a mask-like appearance, a stooped posture, and difficulty speaking, difficulty swallowing, or both. Seldom, it also induces oculogyric crises or blepharospasm.
Drugs.
Pharmacological agents such as phenothiazines, other antipsychotics (particularly haloperidol, thiothixene, and loxapine), and occasionally metoclopramide and metyrosine might cause propulsive gait and potentially other extrapyramidal symptoms. Such effects are often transient, vanishing within a few weeks following the cessation of treatment.
Carbon monoxide poisoning
A propulsive gait often manifests many weeks following acute carbon monoxide poisoning. History of symptoms includes muscular rigidity, choreoathetoid motions, widespread seizures, myoclonic jerks, masklike facial expressions, and dementia.
Manganese poisoning.
Prolonged over exposure to manganese can lead to a gradual, often irreversible, propulsive gait. Common initial symptoms include excessive tiredness, muscular weakness and stiffness, dystonia, resting tremor, choreoathetoid movements, a mask-like appearance, and alterations in personality. Specific occupational groups susceptible to manganese poisoning include welders, railroad workers, miners, steelworkers, and pesticide handlers.
Points of Special Consideration
The patient's gait and resulting motor impairment may hinder his ability to carry out routine activities of daily living. Provide suitable support to him while also fostering his autonomy, self-sufficiency, and self-assurance. It is recommended that the patient and his family allocate sufficient time for these activities, particularly walking, as he is especially prone to falls as a result of festination and impaired balance. To ensure safety, it is important to encourage the patient to continue walking and to remain by his side while he is walking, particularly if he is
in unknown or rough terrain. It may be necessary to direct him to a physical therapist for targeted exercise therapy and retraining of his gait.
Clinical Counseling for Patients
Suggest to the patient and his family to provide sufficient time for walking in order to prevent falls. Educate the patient on the proper use of assistive devices, if deemed suitable.
Guidelines for Pediatrics
Propulsive gait, often accompanied by intense tremors, commonly manifests in juvenile parkinsonism, an uncommon genetic disorder. Additional, while uncommon, potential causes include Hallervorden-Spatz disease and kernicterus.
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Legal Terms - Criminal Records Bureau
An organization under the control of the Home Office that allows for thorough and expanded investigations into people's criminal histories, with the information shared (with permission) to organizations designated specifically for that purpose. Established under the Police Act of 1997, the Bureau also provides a *criminal conviction certificate upon request to persons
An organization under the control of the Home Office that allows for thorough and expanded investigations into people's criminal histories, with the information shared (with permission) to organizations designated specifically for that purpose. Established under the Police Act of 1997, the Bureau also provides a *criminal conviction certificate upon request to persons
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Legal Terms - criminology
The study of crime. An interdisciplinary field, criminology integrates methods from psychology, sociology, and moral philosophy with elements of legal theory and the substantive legal disciplines. The nature and definition of crime, its incidence and forms, its causes, and crime prevention are among its topics. In the past, the positivist school and the classical school have been the dominant schools of thought. The emphasis of the *classical school of criminology is on the role that rational choice and free will play in criminal behavior, as well as the use of punishment as a deterrent. On the other hand, the *positivist school of criminology looks for biological, psychological, and sociological elements that are primarily beyond of an offender's control to explain crime. The majority of contemporary criminology approaches may be traced back to one or more of these schools, though in recent years, so-called "integrative" and "realist" theories that aim to incorporate aspects of both have emerged.
The study of crime. An interdisciplinary field, criminology integrates methods from psychology, sociology, and moral philosophy with elements of legal theory and the substantive legal disciplines. The nature and definition of crime, its incidence and forms, its causes, and crime prevention are among its topics. In the past, the positivist school and the classical school have been the dominant schools of thought. The emphasis of the *classical school of criminology is on the role that rational choice and free will play in criminal behavior, as well as the use of punishment as a deterrent. On the other hand, the *positivist school of criminology looks for biological, psychological, and sociological elements that are primarily beyond of an offender's control to explain crime. The majority of contemporary criminology approaches may be traced back to one or more of these schools, though in recent years, so-called "integrative" and "realist" theories that aim to incorporate aspects of both have emerged.
