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Legal Terms – Chastisement
chastisement: the application of force as a kind of discipline. Historically, a parent or guardian has had the common-law authority to punish their children in a reasonable and moderate manner; however, the Children Act of 2004 was amended to eliminate this defense in situations where the kid suffers serious bodily harm. In the past, a parent or guardian may also give permission for someone else to chastise someone else *in loco parentis, like a school. Whether the parent agrees or not, corporal punishment is no longer permitted in public or private educational institutions. Neither a husband nor a wife has the authority to reprimand their spouse. A person may be guilty of one of the following offenses if they receive illegal reprimands.
chastisement: the application of force as a kind of discipline. Historically, a parent or guardian has had the common-law authority to punish their children in a reasonable and moderate manner; however, the Children Act of 2004 was amended to eliminate this defense in situations where the kid suffers serious bodily harm. In the past, a parent or guardian may also give permission for someone else to chastise someone else *in loco parentis, like a school. Whether the parent agrees or not, corporal punishment is no longer permitted in public or private educational institutions. Neither a husband nor a wife has the authority to reprimand their spouse. A person may be guilty of one of the following offenses if they receive illegal reprimands.
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Legal Terms -Chattel
Any property that is not freehold land is referred to as chattel.Because they have traits with both real and personal property, leasehold rights in land are referred to as chattels real. Chattels personal refers to material possessions.
Any property that is not freehold land is referred to as chattel.Because they have traits with both real and personal property, leasehold rights in land are referred to as chattels real. Chattels personal refers to material possessions.
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Legal Terms - Cheating
cheating is a common-law offense that is now limited to stealing from the government (tax authorities, for example). It is not necessary to commit a lie. It suffices if someone knowingly neglects to file VAT or other tax returns and to make the required tax payments.
cheating is a common-law offense that is now limited to stealing from the government (tax authorities, for example). It is not necessary to commit a lie. It suffices if someone knowingly neglects to file VAT or other tax returns and to make the required tax payments.
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Legal Terms - The United Nations Charter's Chapter VII
Chapter VII which is titled "Action with respect to threats to the peace, breaches of the peace, and acts of aggression," contains Articles 39 through 51. The failure of the former League of Nations Covenant in terms of *collective security was clearly known to those who drafted the UN Charter. Specifically, it left member states free to decide whether or not to respond to a request for military assistance and did not provide any mechanism or system for planning ahead or coordinating possible member responses. In order to solve these issues, Chapter VII gave the Security Council the authority to organize such collective activities in accordance with Articles 42 and 43. Articles 43–47 required a *Military Staff Committee to prepare collective action in advance. Article 51 grants member states the disputed right to *self-defense, preserving the broader definition of the term.
in *international customary law. Any use of force that is not authorized by UN Charter Chapter VII is prohibited. When considering *war crimes, there may be serious repercussions from this.
Chapter VII which is titled "Action with respect to threats to the peace, breaches of the peace, and acts of aggression," contains Articles 39 through 51. The failure of the former League of Nations Covenant in terms of *collective security was clearly known to those who drafted the UN Charter. Specifically, it left member states free to decide whether or not to respond to a request for military assistance and did not provide any mechanism or system for planning ahead or coordinating possible member responses. In order to solve these issues, Chapter VII gave the Security Council the authority to organize such collective activities in accordance with Articles 42 and 43. Articles 43–47 required a *Military Staff Committee to prepare collective action in advance. Article 51 grants member states the disputed right to *self-defense, preserving the broader definition of the term.
in *international customary law. Any use of force that is not authorized by UN Charter Chapter VII is prohibited. When considering *war crimes, there may be serious repercussions from this.
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Legal Terms - character (in the evidentiary law)
1. The standing of a witness or participant. Both civil and criminal trials allow for the presentation of evidence on a witness's reputation for veracity. However, unless a party's reputation is directly at issue—as it might be in a *defamation action—it is not admissible in civil disputes. The accused may present proof of his good character in criminal proceedings, and under certain conditions, he may be eligible for a good character directive. The Criminal Justice Act of 2003 eliminated the majority of the previous regulations pertaining to bad character evidence and placed new limitations on the use of witnesses' negative character testimony as well as allowing for broader references to a defendant's negative character. The Act stipulates that evidence of the defendant's bad character, which is defined by section 99 as "evidence of or a disposition towards misconduct," is only admissible if all parties to the proceedings consent to it being so; it must be important explanatory evidence; it must be relevant to a significant issue at hand between the prosecution and the defendant; it must have substantial probative value in relation to a significant issue at hand between the defendant and a co-defendant; it must be evidence correcting a false impression given by the defendant; and it must be evidence if the defendant has made an attack on the character
1. The standing of a witness or participant. Both civil and criminal trials allow for the presentation of evidence on a witness's reputation for veracity. However, unless a party's reputation is directly at issue—as it might be in a *defamation action—it is not admissible in civil disputes. The accused may present proof of his good character in criminal proceedings, and under certain conditions, he may be eligible for a good character directive. The Criminal Justice Act of 2003 eliminated the majority of the previous regulations pertaining to bad character evidence and placed new limitations on the use of witnesses' negative character testimony as well as allowing for broader references to a defendant's negative character. The Act stipulates that evidence of the defendant's bad character, which is defined by section 99 as "evidence of or a disposition towards misconduct," is only admissible if all parties to the proceedings consent to it being so; it must be important explanatory evidence; it must be relevant to a significant issue at hand between the prosecution and the defendant; it must have substantial probative value in relation to a significant issue at hand between the defendant and a co-defendant; it must be evidence correcting a false impression given by the defendant; and it must be evidence if the defendant has made an attack on the character
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Legal Terms - charge:
1. A formal criminal accusation, typically made following *interrogation at the police station. The *Crown Prosecution Service will typically decide whether to charge a suspect. 2. Juror instructions from a judge. When a trial is started, the defendant is also said to be placed under the charge of the jury.
3. A fair or lawful
interest in real estate, guaranteeing the money transfer. It grants priority over claims made by unsecured creditors against the debtor to the creditor in whose favor the charge is formed (the chargee), who is entitled to payment from the income or proceeds of the sale of the land charged. The only legitimate legal charges allowed by the Law of Property Act 1925 are: (1) a rent charge that is payable immediately, for a set amount of time, or indefinitely; (2) a charge made through a legal mortgage; and (3) specific charges arising under statute (such as those under the Charging Orders Act 1979). The remaining ones are considered equitable interests. Legal mortgages and *equitable charges over unregistered land must be registered as land charges unless the mortgagee or chargee holds the title deeds as security. All mortgages and charges over registered land must be registered in order to be enforceable against purchases of the land ). 4. A claim made on corporate assets by a creditor (such as the holder of a *debenture) to protect the debt. In compliance with chapter A1 of part 25 of the Companies Act 2006, charges have to be registered at Companies House. As of April 13, 2013, Chapter A1 allows for the electronic submission of charges and presents an exemption-based approach. When a fixed charge is in place, it restricts the company's ability to deal with certain assets (such real estate, equipment, and machinery) without the lender's permission. A floating charge "floats" over all of the company's assets until *crystallization, at which point it does not instantly connect to any one asset. This kind of charge is appropriate for current assets (such as cash and stock in trade), whose prices must inevitably vary. Up to this point, the corporation is free to deal with these assets as it sees fit (Re Yorkshire Woolcombers Association Ltd [1903] 2 Ch 284). The creditor may seize the outstanding money in line with the conditions of the charge in the event that the company fails to make payments on the debt. In the event that the business enters liquidation,fixed-charge creditors will be paid before floating-charge creditors in accordance with the Insolvency Act of 1986. Upon sharing, a charge may also be generated. For instance, the company's articles of association typically grant it a *lien for unpaid *calls. Additionally, members of the company may charge their shares to satisfy a debt owed to a third party by depositing the *share certificate or by fully transferring the shares with an agreement to retransfer them upon repayment of the debt.
chargeable profit The portion of the gain that is liable to *capital gains tax (or corporation tax in the case of a company) upon the *disposal of a chargeable asset. The Taxation of Chargeable Gains Act of 1992's adjustments are applied before deducting the purchase cost from the selling profits to determine the chargeable gain.
1. A formal criminal accusation, typically made following *interrogation at the police station. The *Crown Prosecution Service will typically decide whether to charge a suspect. 2. Juror instructions from a judge. When a trial is started, the defendant is also said to be placed under the charge of the jury.
3. A fair or lawful
interest in real estate, guaranteeing the money transfer. It grants priority over claims made by unsecured creditors against the debtor to the creditor in whose favor the charge is formed (the chargee), who is entitled to payment from the income or proceeds of the sale of the land charged. The only legitimate legal charges allowed by the Law of Property Act 1925 are: (1) a rent charge that is payable immediately, for a set amount of time, or indefinitely; (2) a charge made through a legal mortgage; and (3) specific charges arising under statute (such as those under the Charging Orders Act 1979). The remaining ones are considered equitable interests. Legal mortgages and *equitable charges over unregistered land must be registered as land charges unless the mortgagee or chargee holds the title deeds as security. All mortgages and charges over registered land must be registered in order to be enforceable against purchases of the land ). 4. A claim made on corporate assets by a creditor (such as the holder of a *debenture) to protect the debt. In compliance with chapter A1 of part 25 of the Companies Act 2006, charges have to be registered at Companies House. As of April 13, 2013, Chapter A1 allows for the electronic submission of charges and presents an exemption-based approach. When a fixed charge is in place, it restricts the company's ability to deal with certain assets (such real estate, equipment, and machinery) without the lender's permission. A floating charge "floats" over all of the company's assets until *crystallization, at which point it does not instantly connect to any one asset. This kind of charge is appropriate for current assets (such as cash and stock in trade), whose prices must inevitably vary. Up to this point, the corporation is free to deal with these assets as it sees fit (Re Yorkshire Woolcombers Association Ltd [1903] 2 Ch 284). The creditor may seize the outstanding money in line with the conditions of the charge in the event that the company fails to make payments on the debt. In the event that the business enters liquidation,fixed-charge creditors will be paid before floating-charge creditors in accordance with the Insolvency Act of 1986. Upon sharing, a charge may also be generated. For instance, the company's articles of association typically grant it a *lien for unpaid *calls. Additionally, members of the company may charge their shares to satisfy a debt owed to a third party by depositing the *share certificate or by fully transferring the shares with an agreement to retransfer them upon repayment of the debt.
chargeable profit The portion of the gain that is liable to *capital gains tax (or corporation tax in the case of a company) upon the *disposal of a chargeable asset. The Taxation of Chargeable Gains Act of 1992's adjustments are applied before deducting the purchase cost from the selling profits to determine the chargeable gain.
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Legal Terms - chargé d’affaires
the second-ranking member of the delegation of an embassy in most cases. When the principal diplomat is not present, it is his or her responsibility to assume command (therefore the term) of the diplomatic mission and its grounds
the second-ranking member of the delegation of an embassy in most cases. When the principal diplomat is not present, it is his or her responsibility to assume command (therefore the term) of the diplomatic mission and its grounds
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Legal Terms -charge sheet
a record that a police station officer uses to document a suspect's allegations. It typically includes his name and the names of the people who are accusing him, so they can sign the document.
a record that a police station officer uses to document a suspect's allegations. It typically includes his name and the names of the people who are accusing him, so they can sign the document.
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Legal Terms - charging clause
A clause in a trust entitling a trustee to charge for his services. When a solicitor or some other professional person is appointed trustee, he is usually authorized to charge for his services. In the absence of such a clause, and subject to there being no contrary intention expressed, the Trustee Act 2000 (s 29) enables the reasonable remuneration of professional trustees (except sole trustees or charitable trustees).
A clause in a trust entitling a trustee to charge for his services. When a solicitor or some other professional person is appointed trustee, he is usually authorized to charge for his services. In the absence of such a clause, and subject to there being no contrary intention expressed, the Trustee Act 2000 (s 29) enables the reasonable remuneration of professional trustees (except sole trustees or charitable trustees).
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Legal Terms – Cestui Que Vie
cestui que vie [Norman French, from cestui à que vie, he for whose life] A person for whose life an interest in property is held by another person.
cestui que vie [Norman French, from cestui à que vie, he for whose life] A person for whose life an interest in property is held by another person.
