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Legal Terms - Bryan Treaties (Bryan Arbitration Treaties)
the set of agreements that created permanent commissions of inquiry and were signed in Washington in 1914. William Jennings Bryan, the US Secretary of State at the time, is the inspiration behind their name. These types of investigations were intended to settle disputes between the United States of America and numerous foreign nations. Although the treaties varied, they all shared the following important aspect: the *high contracting parties committed to: (1) not starting hostilities before the report was submitted; and (2) referring all disputes that diplomatic means had failed to resolve to a Permanent International Commission for investigation and report.
the set of agreements that created permanent commissions of inquiry and were signed in Washington in 1914. William Jennings Bryan, the US Secretary of State at the time, is the inspiration behind their name. These types of investigations were intended to settle disputes between the United States of America and numerous foreign nations. Although the treaties varied, they all shared the following important aspect: the *high contracting parties committed to: (1) not starting hostilities before the report was submitted; and (2) referring all disputes that diplomatic means had failed to resolve to a Permanent International Commission for investigation and report.
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Legal Terms -British Overseas Territories citizenship
One of three types of citizenship that were substituted for UK and colony citizenship (as British Dependent Territories Citizenship) by the British Nationality Act of 1981. *British citizenship and *British Overseas citizenship are the other two. A schedule to the Act lists the territories that are relevant for the purposes of this type of citizenship; these include, among other places, Gibraltar and Bermuda. Approximately 63,000 individuals currently possess valid British passports with this classification, granting them consular protection when they go overseas.
Many current UK and Colony citizens were automatically granted citizenship on January 1, 1983, the day the Act went into effect. These individuals were citizens by birth, by registration or naturalization in a dependent territory, or by descent from parents or grandparents who were citizens on one of those grounds. Since then, acquisition (and deprivation in the case of naturalized or registered citizens) has been regulated by rules akin to those governing British citizenship, with the notable exception that acquisition through registration almost exclusively pertains to minors. The Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act of 2002 placed additional restrictions on the ability to register as a citizen of the British Overseas Territories. Because they live in the UK, citizens of the British Overseas Territories are eligible to register as British citizens. Individuals who held citizenship in the British Dependent Territories due to their relationship with Hong Kong lost their status on July 1, 1997. They might, however, register to obtain *British National (Overseas), a new kind of British nationality. Nearly all British Overseas Territories nationals were granted full British citizenship (including the *right of abode) by the British Overseas Territories Act 2002; the majority of these individuals currently possess both forms of citizenship.
One of three types of citizenship that were substituted for UK and colony citizenship (as British Dependent Territories Citizenship) by the British Nationality Act of 1981. *British citizenship and *British Overseas citizenship are the other two. A schedule to the Act lists the territories that are relevant for the purposes of this type of citizenship; these include, among other places, Gibraltar and Bermuda. Approximately 63,000 individuals currently possess valid British passports with this classification, granting them consular protection when they go overseas.
Many current UK and Colony citizens were automatically granted citizenship on January 1, 1983, the day the Act went into effect. These individuals were citizens by birth, by registration or naturalization in a dependent territory, or by descent from parents or grandparents who were citizens on one of those grounds. Since then, acquisition (and deprivation in the case of naturalized or registered citizens) has been regulated by rules akin to those governing British citizenship, with the notable exception that acquisition through registration almost exclusively pertains to minors. The Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act of 2002 placed additional restrictions on the ability to register as a citizen of the British Overseas Territories. Because they live in the UK, citizens of the British Overseas Territories are eligible to register as British citizens. Individuals who held citizenship in the British Dependent Territories due to their relationship with Hong Kong lost their status on July 1, 1997. They might, however, register to obtain *British National (Overseas), a new kind of British nationality. Nearly all British Overseas Territories nationals were granted full British citizenship (including the *right of abode) by the British Overseas Territories Act 2002; the majority of these individuals currently possess both forms of citizenship.
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Legal Terms -Brewster Sessions
The licensing justices hold annual hearings to discuss the issuance, transfer, and renewal of licenses to sell alcoholic beverages.
The licensing justices hold annual hearings to discuss the issuance, transfer, and renewal of licenses to sell alcoholic beverages.
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Legal Terms -Brexit
"British exit" refers to the United Kingdom's decision to leave the European Union, which was made official on March 29, 2017, when *Article 50 was invoked following the results of the June 23, 2016, *Referendum on Continued Membership of the European Union. The process was supposed to end in March 2019 in accordance with Article 50, but multiple extensions were agreed upon as a result of the UK Parliament's inability to ratify a *Withdrawal Agreement with the EU. Meanwhile, on June 26, 2018, the European Union (Withdrawal) Act was passed by Parliament. Three main components made up this Act to facilitate the legal adjustments required as a result of the decision to leave the EU: (1) repealing the European Communities Act of 1972, which allowed the UK to join the European Economic Community; (2) converting all existing EU law into UK law; and (3) granting ministers the authority to amend laws as needed. But these legal adjustments wouldn't go into effect until "Exit Day," or the day the UK formally exited the EU. After being ultimately agreed by Parliament, a Withdrawal Agreement with the EU was made official by the EU (Withdrawal Agreement) Act of January 2020, which became UK law. As a result, on January 31, 2020, the European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018 went into effect, marking the UK's official exit from the EU. Nonetheless, the Act was amended to allow for an 11-month implementation period during which the UK would continue to be a member of the EU Single Market, Customs Union, and EU law. A trade and cooperation agreement between the EU and the UK was reached just before this period ended, and it was made law in the UK by the *European Union (Future Relationship) Act 2020. As of December 31, 2020, UK law is no longer superseded by EU law.
"British exit" refers to the United Kingdom's decision to leave the European Union, which was made official on March 29, 2017, when *Article 50 was invoked following the results of the June 23, 2016, *Referendum on Continued Membership of the European Union. The process was supposed to end in March 2019 in accordance with Article 50, but multiple extensions were agreed upon as a result of the UK Parliament's inability to ratify a *Withdrawal Agreement with the EU. Meanwhile, on June 26, 2018, the European Union (Withdrawal) Act was passed by Parliament. Three main components made up this Act to facilitate the legal adjustments required as a result of the decision to leave the EU: (1) repealing the European Communities Act of 1972, which allowed the UK to join the European Economic Community; (2) converting all existing EU law into UK law; and (3) granting ministers the authority to amend laws as needed. But these legal adjustments wouldn't go into effect until "Exit Day," or the day the UK formally exited the EU. After being ultimately agreed by Parliament, a Withdrawal Agreement with the EU was made official by the EU (Withdrawal Agreement) Act of January 2020, which became UK law. As a result, on January 31, 2020, the European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018 went into effect, marking the UK's official exit from the EU. Nonetheless, the Act was amended to allow for an 11-month implementation period during which the UK would continue to be a member of the EU Single Market, Customs Union, and EU law. A trade and cooperation agreement between the EU and the UK was reached just before this period ended, and it was made law in the UK by the *European Union (Future Relationship) Act 2020. As of December 31, 2020, UK law is no longer superseded by EU law.
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Legal Terms – Bribery
Bribery is defined as giving, offering, or promising "financial or other advantage" to another person in order to persuade them to act "improperly" while carrying out a "relevant function or activity" (Section 1) under the Bribery Act of 2010. "Any function of a public nature; any activity connected with a business, trade, or profession; any activity performed in the course of a person's employment; or any activity performed by or on behalf of a body" is what is referred to as a "relevant function or activity."
of individuals, corporate or unincorporated" (Section 3). When someone performs a role "improperly," it means that they have either (i) violated a reasonable expectation of impartiality or good faith, or (ii) violated a reasonable expectation of behavior expected of someone in a position of trust (s. 4–5). The Act also establishes the particular offense of bribing foreign public officials (s. 6), and it makes it illegal to solicit or accept bribes (s. 2). For these offenses, the maximum punishment is ten years in prison and an uncapped fine.
A commercial entity violates the Act if it permits any "associated person" to bribe on its behalf (sections 7–9). The offense is one of *vicarious liability; an organization will be found guilty of this offense even in the absence of intentional misconduct or direct knowledge on its part if it engages in bribery and is unable to demonstrate that it has "adequate procedures" in place to stop it from happening.
Prior to the 2010 Act's passing, the common-law crime of giving illegal payments to judges, magistrates, or other judicial authorities was specifically referred to as "bribery." The Public Bodies Corrupt Practices Act 1889, the Prevention of Corruption Act 1906, and other acts provided statutory definitions to offenses pertaining more broadly to the improper influencing of public servants and other individuals in a position of trust. These acts were referred to as corruption. The 2010 Act repealed each of these Acts.
Bribery is defined as giving, offering, or promising "financial or other advantage" to another person in order to persuade them to act "improperly" while carrying out a "relevant function or activity" (Section 1) under the Bribery Act of 2010. "Any function of a public nature; any activity connected with a business, trade, or profession; any activity performed in the course of a person's employment; or any activity performed by or on behalf of a body" is what is referred to as a "relevant function or activity."
of individuals, corporate or unincorporated" (Section 3). When someone performs a role "improperly," it means that they have either (i) violated a reasonable expectation of impartiality or good faith, or (ii) violated a reasonable expectation of behavior expected of someone in a position of trust (s. 4–5). The Act also establishes the particular offense of bribing foreign public officials (s. 6), and it makes it illegal to solicit or accept bribes (s. 2). For these offenses, the maximum punishment is ten years in prison and an uncapped fine.
A commercial entity violates the Act if it permits any "associated person" to bribe on its behalf (sections 7–9). The offense is one of *vicarious liability; an organization will be found guilty of this offense even in the absence of intentional misconduct or direct knowledge on its part if it engages in bribery and is unable to demonstrate that it has "adequate procedures" in place to stop it from happening.
Prior to the 2010 Act's passing, the common-law crime of giving illegal payments to judges, magistrates, or other judicial authorities was specifically referred to as "bribery." The Public Bodies Corrupt Practices Act 1889, the Prevention of Corruption Act 1906, and other acts provided statutory definitions to offenses pertaining more broadly to the improper influencing of public servants and other individuals in a position of trust. These acts were referred to as corruption. The 2010 Act repealed each of these Acts.
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Legal Terms -Bridleway
A *highway over which the general public has the right of way while walking, riding, or leading a horse, with or without the ability to drive animals, as defined by the Highways Act of 1980. According to the Countryside and Rights Act 2000, bridleways and footpaths that existed on January 1, 1949, but were not included on the official map by January 1, 2026, shall be eliminated.
A *highway over which the general public has the right of way while walking, riding, or leading a horse, with or without the ability to drive animals, as defined by the Highways Act of 1980. According to the Countryside and Rights Act 2000, bridleways and footpaths that existed on January 1, 1949, but were not included on the official map by January 1, 2026, shall be eliminated.
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Legal Terms – Brief
Brief: A written document, or collection of written materials, that a solicitor uses to provide a barrister instructions to appear in court as an advocate. A typical brief consists of a backsheet that is wrapped around other pertinent documents and is typed on a big brief-size sheet of paper with the case title and the solicitor's instructions. If the brief is from the Crown, it is wrapped in white tape; if it is from a land authority, it is wrapped in green tape. This is how the bundle is bound together when it comes to private clients. 2. A barrister's slang term, as in "my brief is Mr. Jones."
Brief: A written document, or collection of written materials, that a solicitor uses to provide a barrister instructions to appear in court as an advocate. A typical brief consists of a backsheet that is wrapped around other pertinent documents and is typed on a big brief-size sheet of paper with the case title and the solicitor's instructions. If the brief is from the Crown, it is wrapped in white tape; if it is from a land authority, it is wrapped in green tape. This is how the bundle is bound together when it comes to private clients. 2. A barrister's slang term, as in "my brief is Mr. Jones."
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Legal Terms – Brief Fee
brief fee The amount that a barrister must pay to take up a *brief; this amount covers the first day in court as well as any preparation work, including reading documents and researching the law. Any more days spent in court typically require payment of a *refresher.
brief fee The amount that a barrister must pay to take up a *brief; this amount covers the first day in court as well as any preparation work, including reading documents and researching the law. Any more days spent in court typically require payment of a *refresher.
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Legal Terms -Bright Line
a well-defined legal standard that makes it simple and impartial to decide a legal matter. In situations where there is no clear cut answer, the law may be unclear and each case may depend on its own unique set of circumstances.
a well-defined legal standard that makes it simple and impartial to decide a legal matter. In situations where there is no clear cut answer, the law may be unclear and each case may depend on its own unique set of circumstances.
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Legal Terms - British National (Overseas)
A type of British nationality that individuals who were citizens of the British Dependent Territories due to their relationship with Hong Kong might get by registration. On July 1, 1997, their status as citizens of the British Dependent Territories ended.
