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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Liver function tests
Raised AST (SGOT)
Hepatocyte damage
Haemolysis
Myocardial infarction
Skeletal muscle damage
Raised ALT (SGPT),
Hepatocyte damage
Shock
Raised ALP,
Liver disease: cholestasis
Bone disease (i osteoblastic activity): growth in adolescence, healing fracture,
Paget's disease of bone, osteomalacia, bone metastases, hyperparathyroidism,
renal failure
Placenta: pregnancy
Small intestinal disease


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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Lymphadenopathy
Infection:
Bacterial, TB, less commonly: brucellosis, syphilis, cat scratch disease
Viral (e.g. HIV, EBV, CMV, rubella, measles)
Toxoplasmosis, filariasis, fungal (e.g. coccidiomycosis)
Inflammatory/connective tissue disease: rheumatoid arthritis, sarcoidosis, SLE
Malignancy: metastases, lymphoma, leukaemia
Rare: thyrotoxicosis, histiocytosis, psoriasis, eczema, phenytoin



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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Masses and swellings Abdomen

Right hypochondrium
Colonic mass
e.g. pancreatic cancer, gallbladder mass)
Enlarged gallbladder (empyema, mucocele, obstruction of the common bile duct
Enlarged kindey (See Kidney, enlarged)
Hepatomegaly (See Hepatomegaly)

Epigastrium
Gastric carcinoma
Large recti
Liver: left lobe, post-necrotic nodule of a cirrhotic liver
Pancreatic mass: carcinoma, pseudocyst

Left hypochondrium
Appendix mass
Carcinoma of caecum
Crohn's disease
Enlarged kidney
Iliac lymphadenopathy
Ovarian cyst
Pancreatic cancer
Right iliac fossa
Splenomegaly
TB (ileocaecal)
Transplanted pelvic kidney

Left iliac fossa
Colonic cancer
Crohn's disease
Diverticular disease
Iliac lymphadenopathy
Loaded sigmoid colon (esp. in constipation)
Ovarian cyst
Transplanted pelvic kidney

Suprapubic
Enlarged bladder
Fibroids
Ovarian cyst
Pregnant uterus

Inguinal
Ectopidundescended testis
Hernias (inguinal, femoral)
Hydrocoele of the cord
Lipoma of the cord
Lymphadenopathy
Psoas abscess
Vascular: saphena varix, femoral aneurysm


Scrotal
Indirect inguinal hernia
Hydrocele
Epididymal cyst
Spermatocoele
Testicular tumour
Gumma
Painful swellings



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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of leg pain
Arthritis
chronic (arterosclerosis, arteritis, Buerger's disease)
DVT
Musculoskeletal: soft-tissue (muscle, tendon, ligament) injury, muscle spasm
Neurological: lumbar canal stenosis
Peripheral neuropathy
Radiculopathy, plexopathy
Vascular: arterial occlusion: acute (thromboembolism, trauma, e.g. fracture),


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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Leg swelling
Bilateral
Heart failure
Hypothyroidism
Iatrogenic: oestrogens, calcium channel blockers, fluid overload
Liver failure, other causes of hypoalbuminaemia (malnutrition, malabsorption, nephrotic syndrome, protein-losing enteropathy)
Renal failure
Venous insufficiency: acute (prolonged sitting), chronic
Venous obstruction, e.g. pelvic mass, pregnancy, IVGbilateral iliac vein obstruction

Unilateral
Acute
Baker's cyst rupture
Cellulitis
Compartment syndrome, trauma
DVT

Chronic
Immobility
infection (filariasis), malignant infiltration, excision
Lymphoedema (non-pitting): primary, lymph node involvement: radiotherapy,
Varicose veins


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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.