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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Bloody diarrhoea
Diverticulitis
Infective colitis: Campylobacter, Haemorrhagic E. coli, Entamoeba histolytica,
Inflammatory bowel disease
lschaemic colitis
Malignancy
Salmonella, Shigella, (CMV in the immunocompromised)
Diverticulitis
Infective colitis: Campylobacter, Haemorrhagic E. coli, Entamoeba histolytica,
Inflammatory bowel disease
lschaemic colitis
Malignancy
Salmonella, Shigella, (CMV in the immunocompromised)
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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Digital gangrene
Emboli
Inadvertent intra-arterial injection in IV drug users
Peripheral vascular disease, diabetes mellitus, Buerger's disease
Subclavian artery compression (e.g. cervical rib)
Vasculitis, e.g. rheumatoid arthritis, polyarteritis nodosa, cryoglobulinaemia
Vasospasm: Raynaud's phenomenon
Emboli
Inadvertent intra-arterial injection in IV drug users
Peripheral vascular disease, diabetes mellitus, Buerger's disease
Subclavian artery compression (e.g. cervical rib)
Vasculitis, e.g. rheumatoid arthritis, polyarteritis nodosa, cryoglobulinaemia
Vasospasm: Raynaud's phenomenon
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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Dimorphic blood film
Liver disease
Mixed iron and B12'folate deficiency
Partially treat iron deficiency
Post-gastrectomy
Post-transfusion
Sideroblastic anaemia
Liver disease
Mixed iron and B12'folate deficiency
Partially treat iron deficiency
Post-gastrectomy
Post-transfusion
Sideroblastic anaemia
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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Diplopia
Monocular
Originates from cornea or lens, e.g. cataract
Binocular
Cranial nerve palsies (111, IV, VI)
Monocular
Originates from cornea or lens, e.g. cataract
Binocular
Cranial nerve palsies (111, IV, VI)
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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Dysarthria
Defective co-ordination between the nerves: internuclear ophthalmoplegia
Extra-ocular muscle disease (dysthyroid eye disease, myasthenia gravis, ocular
myopathy, ocular myositis)
Orbital fracture
Defective co-ordination between the nerves: internuclear ophthalmoplegia
Extra-ocular muscle disease (dysthyroid eye disease, myasthenia gravis, ocular
myopathy, ocular myositis)
Orbital fracture
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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Corneal ulcer
(Infections may follow corneal abrasion, contact lens wear or topical steroids)
Acanthamoeba
Bacterial infection (Staphylococcus aureus/epidermidis, Pseudomonas, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus, coliforms)
Fungal
Viral (herpes simplex, herpes zoster)
(Infections may follow corneal abrasion, contact lens wear or topical steroids)
Acanthamoeba
Bacterial infection (Staphylococcus aureus/epidermidis, Pseudomonas, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus, coliforms)
Fungal
Viral (herpes simplex, herpes zoster)
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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Cottonwool spots
Diabetes (pre-proliferative retinopathy)
Haematological disorders: anaemia, leukaemia, hyperviscosity states
HIV retinopathy
Hypertensive retinopathy
Papilloedema
Retinal vein occlusion
SLE, polyarteritis nodosa, dermatomyositis
Diabetes (pre-proliferative retinopathy)
Haematological disorders: anaemia, leukaemia, hyperviscosity states
HIV retinopathy
Hypertensive retinopathy
Papilloedema
Retinal vein occlusion
SLE, polyarteritis nodosa, dermatomyositis
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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Raised Cortisol
ACTH, e.g. bronchial carcinoids, ectopic CRH)
Alcoholism
Cushing's syndrome (pituitary adenoma, adrenal adenoma/carcinoma, ectopic
Depression
Exogenous glucocorticoids
Increased Cortisol-binding globulin (CBG): oestrogen, pregnancy
Stress, acute/chronic illness
ACTH, e.g. bronchial carcinoids, ectopic CRH)
Alcoholism
Cushing's syndrome (pituitary adenoma, adrenal adenoma/carcinoma, ectopic
Depression
Exogenous glucocorticoids
Increased Cortisol-binding globulin (CBG): oestrogen, pregnancy
Stress, acute/chronic illness
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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Cough
ACE inhibitors
Asthma, COPD, pulmonary emboli, infection (pneumonia, TB, fungal),
bronchiectasis, malignancy, interstitial lung disease, sarcoidosis,
Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease
Heart failure
pneumoconiosis
Post-nasal drip
Psychogenic
Upper respiratory tract infection
ACE inhibitors
Asthma, COPD, pulmonary emboli, infection (pneumonia, TB, fungal),
bronchiectasis, malignancy, interstitial lung disease, sarcoidosis,
Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease
Heart failure
pneumoconiosis
Post-nasal drip
Psychogenic
Upper respiratory tract infection
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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Crackles
Fine crackles
Pulmonary fibrosis (See Lung function tests, for the causes)
Pulmonary oedema
Crackles continued
Coarse crackles
Bronchiectasis
Consolidation (pneumonia)
COPD
Fine crackles
Pulmonary fibrosis (See Lung function tests, for the causes)
Pulmonary oedema
Crackles continued
Coarse crackles
Bronchiectasis
Consolidation (pneumonia)
COPD
