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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Painful Neuropathies
MONONEUROPATHIES
• Compressive neuropathy (carpal tunnel, meralgia paresthetica)
• Trigeminal neuralgia
• Ischemic neuropathy
• Polyarteritis nodosa
• Diabetic mononeuropathy
• Herpes zoster
• Idiopathic and familial brachial plexopathy
POLYNEUROPATHIES
• Diabetes mellitus
• Paraneoplastic sensory neuropathy
• Nutritional neuropathy
• Multiple myeloma
• Amyloid
• Dominantly inherited sensory neuropathy
• Toxic (arsenic, thallium, metronidazole)
• AIDS-associated neuropathy
• Tangier disease
• Fabry’s disease
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Neuropathy, Hereditary
• Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease; other genetic, metabolic, and multisystem disorders including:
• Spinocerebellar ataxias
• Friedreich’s ataxia
• Leukodystrophies
• Refsum’s disease (elevated serum phytanic acid)
• Distal spinal muscular atrophies and distal myopathies, which can present with pes cavu  and other foot deformities
• Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP)
• Hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure-sensitive palsies (HNPP)
• Hereditary neuralgic amyotrophy (HNA), which typically is painful rather than painless. In addition, in HNA, there is no evidence of generalized polyneuropathy.
• Multifocal motor neuropathy with conduction block (MMNCB): autoimmune mediated and pure motor
• Neuropathy associated with renal failure
• Lead neuropathy
• Neuropathy relating to paraproteinemia (demyelinating pathophysiology)
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Neck Pain
INFLAMMATORY DISEASES
• Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
• Spondyloarthropathies
• Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA)
NONINFLAMMATORY DISEASE
• Cervical osteoarthritis
• Discogenic neck pain
• Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis
• Fibromyalgia or myofascial pain
INFECTIOUS CAUSES
• Meningitis
• Osteomyelitis
• Infectious diskitis
NEOPLASMS
• Primary
• Metastatic
REFERRED PAIN
• Temporomandibular joint pain
• Cardiac pain
• Diaphragmatic irritation
• Gastrointestinal sources (gastric ulcer, gallbladder, pancreas)
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Acute Nephritic Syndrome 
LOW SERUM COMPLEMENT LEVEL
• Acute postinfectious glomerulonephritis
• Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
• Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
• Subacute bacterial endocarditis
• Visceral abscess “shunt” nephritis
• Cryoglobulinemia
NORMAL SERUM COMPLEMENT LEVEL
• IgA nephropathy
• Idiopathic rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
• Anti–glomerular basement membrane disease
• Polyarteritis nodosa
• Wegener’s glomerulonephritis
• Henoch-Schönlein purpura
• Goodpasture’s syndrome
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Nephroblastoma
• Other intra-abdominal or retroperitoneal tumors
• Other renal malignant neoplasms: hypernephroma, transitional cell carcinoma, lymphoma, clear cell sarcoma, rhabdoid tumor of the kidney
• Renal cyst
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of  Nephrocalcinosis
• Bartter’s syndrome
• Chronic glomerulonephritis
• Cortical necrosis
• Distal renal tubular acidosis
• Hyperoxaluria
• Hyperparathyroidism
• Hypervitaminosis D
• Idiopathic hypercalciuria
• Idiopathic hypercalciuria
• Medullary sponge kidney
• Milk-alkali syndrome
• Rapidly progressive osteoporosis
• Sarcoidosis
• Tuberculosis
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Nephrotic Syndrome
• Carcinoma
• Infections
• Malignant hypertension
• Other edema states (congestive heart failure [CHF], cirrhosis)
• Polyarteritis nodosa
• Primary renal disease (e.g., focal glomerulonephritis, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis)
• Serum sickness
• Toxemia of pregnancy
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Neuroblastoma
• Hepatoblastoma
• Other small, round, blue cell childhood tumors, such as lymphoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, soft tissue sarcoma, and primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs)
• Wilms’ tumor
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Kembara Xtra 

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