Published on
​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Myelin Disorders
• Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis
• Acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalopathy
• Adrenoleukodystrophy
• Hypoxia
• Irradiation
• Krabbe’s disease
• Multiple sclerosis
• Phenylketonuria
• Progressive multifocal encephalopathy
• Toxicity from carbon monoxide, alcohol, mercury
• Vitamin B12 deficiency
Picture
Published on
​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Myelodysplastic Syndrome
• Autoimmune disease
• Exposure to toxins (e.g., drugs, alcohol, chemotherapy)
• Hereditary dysplasias (e.g., Fanconi’s anemia, Diamond-Blackfan syndrome)
• Infections (TB, viral infections)
• Irradiation
• Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
• Renal failure
• Vitamin B12/folate deficiency
Picture
Published on
​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Myelopathy and Myelitis
INFLAMMATORY
• Infectious: spirochetal, TB, zoster, rabies, HIV, polio, rickettsial, fungal, parasitic
• Noninfectious: idiopathic transverse myelitis, multiple sclerosis
TOXIC/METABOLIC
• Diabetes mellitus (DM), pernicious anemia, chronic liver disease,pellagra, arsenic
TRAUMA, COMPRESSION
• Spinal neoplasm, cervical spondylosis, epidural abscess, epidural hematoma
VASCULAR
• Arteriovenous (AV) malformation, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), periarteritis nodosa, dissecting aortic aneurysm
PHYSICAL AGENTS
• Electrical injury, irradiation
NEOPLASTIC
• Spinal cord tumors, paraneoplastic myelopathy
Picture
Published on
​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Myocardial Ischemia
• “Functional” causes of myocardial ischemia in absence of anatomic coronary artery disease: syndrome X, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy, muscle bridge, hypertensive heart disease, pulmonary hypertension, valvular heart disease; aortic stenosis, aortic regurgitation
• Aberrant origin of coronary artery from aorta or another coronaryartery
• Acquired disorders of coronary arteries
• Anomalous origin of coronary artery from pulmonary artery
• Atherosclerotic obstructive coronary artery disease
• Collagen-vascular disease: polyarteritis nodosa, temporal arteritis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma
• Congenital coronary artery anomalies
• Coronary arteriovenous fistula
• Coronary artery aneurysm
• Coronary artery embolism
• Coronary artery spasm
• Dissection: surgical, during percutaneous coronary angioplasty, aortic dissection, spontaneous (e.g., during pregnancy)
• Extrinsic compression: tumors, granulomas, amyloidosis
• Hereditary disorders: pseudoxanthoma elasticum, gargoylism, progeria, homocystinuria, primary oxaluria
• Miscellaneous disorders: irradiation, trauma, Kawasaki’s disease
• Nonatherosclerotic coronary artery disease
• Syphilis
Picture
Published on
​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Myoclonus
• Ataxia-telangiectasia
• Benign familial
• CNS lesion (stroke, neoplasm)
• CNS trauma
• Epileptic myoclonus
• Friedreich’s ataxia
• Heavy metal poisoning
• Hepatic failure
• Huntington’s disease
• Hypoglycemia or severe hyperglycemia
• Hyponatremia
• Medications (e.g., tricyclics, levodopa)
• Parkinson’s disease
• Physiologic (e.g., exercise or anxiety induced)
• Post dialysis
• Post encephalitis
• Progressive supranuclear palsy
• Renal failure
• Wilson’s disease
Picture
Published on
​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Myoglobinuria
• Carbon monoxide poisoning
• Cysticercosis
• Drugs (narcotic and amphetamine toxicity)
• HIV infection
• Hyperthermia
• Hypothyroidism
• Muscle ischemia
• Polymyositis or dermatomyositis
• Severe trauma
• Toxoplasmosis
• Trichinosis
• Viral myositis
Myopathies, Infectious
Picture
Published on
​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Myopathies, Inflammatory
• Cimetidine, D-penicillamine
• Inclusion body myositis
• Mixed connective tissue disease
• Paraneoplastic syndrome
• Polyarteritis nodosa
• Polymyositis, dermatomyositis
• Sarcoidosis
• Scleroderma
• Sjögren’s syndrome
• Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis
Picture
Published on
​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Toxic Myopathies
• Acute muscle necrosis and myoglobinuria: statins, alcohol, cocaine
• Inflammatory: cimetidine, D-penicillamine
• Malignant hyperthermia: halothane, ethylene, others;succinylcholine
• Mitochondrial: zidovudine
• Myosin loss: nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents; glucocorticoids
• Noninflammatory necrotizing or vacuolar: statins, chloroquinecolchicine
Picture
Published on
​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Inflammatory Myositis
INFECTIOUS
• Viral myositis: retroviruses (HIV, HTLV-1), enteroviruses (echovirus, coxsackievirus), other viruses (influenza, hepatitis A
and B, Epstein-Barr)
• Bacterial: pyomyositis
• Parasites: trichinosis, cysticercosis
• Fungi: candidiasis
IDIOPATHIC
• Granulomatous myositis (sarcoid, giant cell)
• Eosinophilic myositis
• Eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome
ENDOCRINE/METABOLIC DISORDERS
• Hypothyroidism
• Hyperthyroidism
• Hypercortisolism
• Hyperparathyroidism
• Hypoparathyroidism
• Hypocalcemia
• Hypokalemia
METABOLIC MYOPATHIES
• Myophosphorylase deficiency (McArdle’s disease)
• Phosphofructokinase deficiency
• Myoadenylate deaminase deficiency
• Acid maltase deficiency
• Lipid storage diseases
• Acute rhabdomyolysis
DRUG-INDUCED MYOPATHIES
• Alcohol
• D-Penicillamine
• Zidovudine
• Colchicine
• Chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine
• Statins
• Cyclosporine
• Cocaine, heroin, barbiturates
• Corticosteroids
NEUROLOGIC DISORDERS
• Muscular dystrophies
• Congenital myopathies
• Motor neuron disease
• Guillain-Barré syndrome
• Myasthenia gravis
Picture

Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.