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KembaraXtra - Medical Terms - acute retinal necrosis (ARN) Acute retinal necrosis (ARN) is a severe eye condition characterized by inflammation and destruction of the retina, the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye. It is associated with inflammation and blockage of retinal blood vessels, bleeding within the eye, and eventual death of retinal tissue.
The condition may affect one or both eyes, and when both eyes are involved it is referred to as bilateral acute retinal necrosis (BARN). ARN is most commonly linked to viral infections and often leads to poor visual outcomes due to complications such as retinal detachment. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to preserve as much vision as possible.
The condition may affect one or both eyes, and when both eyes are involved it is referred to as bilateral acute retinal necrosis (BARN). ARN is most commonly linked to viral infections and often leads to poor visual outcomes due to complications such as retinal detachment. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to preserve as much vision as possible.
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KembaraXtra - Medical Terms - acquired
Acquired describes a medical condition, disease, or disorder that develops after birth rather than being inherited genetically. Such conditions arise as a result of environmental factors, infections, injuries, lifestyle influences, or other external causes that affect the body during life. Because they are not passed down through genes from parents, acquired conditions differ fundamentally from hereditary or inherited disorders.
Many illnesses fall into this category, including infections, nutritional deficiencies, and certain chronic diseases that develop due to lifestyle or environmental exposure. In medical terminology, the word acquired is often used to distinguish these conditions from congenital disorders, which are present at birth due to genetic or developmental factors. Understanding whether a disease is acquired or congenital can help guide diagnosis, prevention strategies, and treatment planning.
Acquired describes a medical condition, disease, or disorder that develops after birth rather than being inherited genetically. Such conditions arise as a result of environmental factors, infections, injuries, lifestyle influences, or other external causes that affect the body during life. Because they are not passed down through genes from parents, acquired conditions differ fundamentally from hereditary or inherited disorders.
Many illnesses fall into this category, including infections, nutritional deficiencies, and certain chronic diseases that develop due to lifestyle or environmental exposure. In medical terminology, the word acquired is often used to distinguish these conditions from congenital disorders, which are present at birth due to genetic or developmental factors. Understanding whether a disease is acquired or congenital can help guide diagnosis, prevention strategies, and treatment planning.
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KembaraXtra - Medical Terms - acquired immune deficiency syndrome
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome, commonly known as AIDS, is a serious condition in which the immune system becomes severely weakened. It develops as the most advanced stage of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The virus attacks and destroys key immune cells, particularly CD4 T-lymphocytes, which are essential for defending the body against infections.
As the immune system becomes progressively damaged, individuals become vulnerable to opportunistic infections and certain cancers that rarely occur in people with healthy immune systems. AIDS is therefore not a single disease but a syndrome, meaning a group of related conditions resulting from immune failure. Modern antiretroviral therapy can control HIV infection and significantly delay or prevent the progression to AIDS.
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome, commonly known as AIDS, is a serious condition in which the immune system becomes severely weakened. It develops as the most advanced stage of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The virus attacks and destroys key immune cells, particularly CD4 T-lymphocytes, which are essential for defending the body against infections.
As the immune system becomes progressively damaged, individuals become vulnerable to opportunistic infections and certain cancers that rarely occur in people with healthy immune systems. AIDS is therefore not a single disease but a syndrome, meaning a group of related conditions resulting from immune failure. Modern antiretroviral therapy can control HIV infection and significantly delay or prevent the progression to AIDS.
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KembaraXtra - Medical Terms - ACPA (anticitrullinated protein antibodies)
ACPA stands for anticitrullinated protein antibodies, which are autoantibodies directed against proteins that have undergone a biochemical change called citrullination. In this process, the amino acid arginine in a protein is converted into citrulline, creating a modified protein that may be recognized as foreign by the immune system.
These antibodies are highly specific for rheumatoid arthritis and are often used as a diagnostic marker for the disease. ACPA can sometimes be detected in the blood years before the clinical symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis appear. Their presence is therefore valuable for early diagnosis and may help doctors assess the likelihood and potential severity of the disease.
ACPA stands for anticitrullinated protein antibodies, which are autoantibodies directed against proteins that have undergone a biochemical change called citrullination. In this process, the amino acid arginine in a protein is converted into citrulline, creating a modified protein that may be recognized as foreign by the immune system.
These antibodies are highly specific for rheumatoid arthritis and are often used as a diagnostic marker for the disease. ACPA can sometimes be detected in the blood years before the clinical symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis appear. Their presence is therefore valuable for early diagnosis and may help doctors assess the likelihood and potential severity of the disease.
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KembaraXtra - Medical Terms - acromegaly
Acromegaly is a hormonal disorder caused by excessive production of growth hormone, usually due to a benign tumour in the anterior pituitary gland. When growth hormone levels remain abnormally high in adulthood, tissues and bones gradually enlarge. This leads to characteristic physical changes, including large spade-shaped hands and feet, prominent brow ridges, widening of the nose, and enlargement of the jaw.
Additional features may include widely spaced teeth, enlargement of the tongue, and the development of numerous skin tags. The condition may also increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer of the large intestine. Treatment typically involves surgical removal of the pituitary tumour, known as adenomectomy, sometimes combined with radiotherapy or medications that regulate hormone production.
Acromegaly is a hormonal disorder caused by excessive production of growth hormone, usually due to a benign tumour in the anterior pituitary gland. When growth hormone levels remain abnormally high in adulthood, tissues and bones gradually enlarge. This leads to characteristic physical changes, including large spade-shaped hands and feet, prominent brow ridges, widening of the nose, and enlargement of the jaw.
Additional features may include widely spaced teeth, enlargement of the tongue, and the development of numerous skin tags. The condition may also increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer of the large intestine. Treatment typically involves surgical removal of the pituitary tumour, known as adenomectomy, sometimes combined with radiotherapy or medications that regulate hormone production.
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KembaraXtra - Medical Terms - acrodynia
Acrodynia is a medical condition also known as pink disease. It is characterized by symptoms such as pain and discoloration of the hands and feet, irritability, and other systemic disturbances. Historically, the condition was associated with mercury poisoning, particularly in young children exposed to mercury-containing compounds.
The disease gained its common name because the skin of affected children often developed a pinkish colour. With the removal of mercury from many household and medicinal products, acrodynia has become extremely rare in modern medical practice.
Acrodynia is a medical condition also known as pink disease. It is characterized by symptoms such as pain and discoloration of the hands and feet, irritability, and other systemic disturbances. Historically, the condition was associated with mercury poisoning, particularly in young children exposed to mercury-containing compounds.
The disease gained its common name because the skin of affected children often developed a pinkish colour. With the removal of mercury from many household and medicinal products, acrodynia has become extremely rare in modern medical practice.
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KembaraXtra - Medical Terms - acrodermatitis
Acrodermatitis refers to inflammation of the skin affecting the hands or feet. The condition may produce redness, swelling, and irritation of the affected areas. In certain forms, the skin changes gradually progress to thinning and atrophy after an initial phase of inflammation.
One form of the disorder is associated with Lyme disease and may present as a chronic skin condition affecting the extremities. Another important form, acrodermatitis enteropathica, is an inherited disorder caused by an inability to absorb sufficient zinc. This condition results in symptoms such as sparse hair, dry scaly patches of skin on the hands, feet, scalp, and around the mouth and genital area, along with chronic diarrhoea. Treatment usually involves lifelong zinc supplementation.
Acrodermatitis refers to inflammation of the skin affecting the hands or feet. The condition may produce redness, swelling, and irritation of the affected areas. In certain forms, the skin changes gradually progress to thinning and atrophy after an initial phase of inflammation.
One form of the disorder is associated with Lyme disease and may present as a chronic skin condition affecting the extremities. Another important form, acrodermatitis enteropathica, is an inherited disorder caused by an inability to absorb sufficient zinc. This condition results in symptoms such as sparse hair, dry scaly patches of skin on the hands, feet, scalp, and around the mouth and genital area, along with chronic diarrhoea. Treatment usually involves lifelong zinc supplementation.
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KembaraXtra - Medical Terms - acrocyanosis
Acrocyanosis is a condition characterized by a bluish-purple discoloration of the hands and feet. This colour change occurs due to slow circulation of blood through the small vessels in the skin, which results in reduced oxygen delivery to these tissues.
The condition is often more noticeable in cold environments or when blood circulation is temporarily reduced. Although acrocyanosis may appear alarming because of the colour change, it is usually harmless and not associated with tissue damage. However, in some cases it may be linked to underlying circulatory or vascular disorders.
Acrocyanosis is a condition characterized by a bluish-purple discoloration of the hands and feet. This colour change occurs due to slow circulation of blood through the small vessels in the skin, which results in reduced oxygen delivery to these tissues.
The condition is often more noticeable in cold environments or when blood circulation is temporarily reduced. Although acrocyanosis may appear alarming because of the colour change, it is usually harmless and not associated with tissue damage. However, in some cases it may be linked to underlying circulatory or vascular disorders.
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KembaraXtra - Medical Terms - acrania
Acrania is a rare congenital condition characterized by the partial or complete absence of the skull. This defect occurs during early fetal development when the bones that normally form the skull fail to develop properly. As a result, the brain may be exposed or only partially covered by soft tissue.
This severe developmental abnormality often occurs alongside other defects affecting the brain and nervous system. Acrania is usually diagnosed before birth through prenatal imaging such as ultrasound. Because the skull plays a critical role in protecting the brain, the condition is typically incompatible with long-term survival.
Acrania is a rare congenital condition characterized by the partial or complete absence of the skull. This defect occurs during early fetal development when the bones that normally form the skull fail to develop properly. As a result, the brain may be exposed or only partially covered by soft tissue.
This severe developmental abnormality often occurs alongside other defects affecting the brain and nervous system. Acrania is usually diagnosed before birth through prenatal imaging such as ultrasound. Because the skull plays a critical role in protecting the brain, the condition is typically incompatible with long-term survival.
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KembaraXtra - Medical Terms - acrocephalosyndactyly Acrocephalosyndactyly refers to a group of inherited disorders characterized by abnormalities of the skull, face, and limbs. These conditions typically involve premature fusion of the skull bones, known as craniosynostosis, which alters the shape of the head. In addition, the fingers or toes may be fused together, a condition known as syndactyly.
One of the best-known disorders within this group is Apert syndrome. Individuals with acrocephalosyndactyly often display distinctive facial features along with abnormalities affecting the hands and feet. Management usually involves a multidisciplinary medical approach, including surgical procedures to correct skull and limb abnormalities and supportive care throughout development.
One of the best-known disorders within this group is Apert syndrome. Individuals with acrocephalosyndactyly often display distinctive facial features along with abnormalities affecting the hands and feet. Management usually involves a multidisciplinary medical approach, including surgical procedures to correct skull and limb abnormalities and supportive care throughout development.
