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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Pleural effusion
Exudate
Pulmonary infarction
Post-Ml
Pancreatitis (acute)
Malignancy: bronchial carcinoma, mesothelioma
Inflammation/connective tissue disease, e.g. SLE, sarcoidosis
Infection: TB, bacterial pneumonia


Transudate
Meigs' syndrome
Hypothyroidism
Hypoproteinaemia
Constrictive pericarditis
Cardiac failure


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Symptoms and Signs- Differential Diagnosis of Platelets
Reduced Production
Bone marrow failure
Platelets 79
Myeloma, myelofibrosis, marrow infiltration (lymphoma, carcinoma), anaemia
(megaloblastic, aplastic), leukaemia
Drugs: (cytotoxics, chloramphenicol, alcohol), radiotherapy
Reduced Megakaryocytes: chemicals, drugs (e.g. co-trimoxazole), viral infection

Increased Destruction/consumption
Autoimmune (ITP)
SLE, CLL, lymphoma
Infections (malaria, viral, e.g. HIV)
Drugs (e.g. analgesics, antibiotics, anticonvulsant, anti-diabetics, heparin,
quinine, quinidine)
DIC, TIP, HUS
Sequestration: splenic pooling due to splenomegaly
Dilutional loss (massive transfusion of stored blood)
Artifactual: blood clotting in the samplep

Functional disorders
Bernard-Soulier disease
Glanzmann's thrombasthenia
Storage pool disease
Liver disease, myeloproliferative disorders, paraproteinaemia, aspirin, uraemia


Increased Platelets (thrombocytosis)
Secondary
Blood loss
Infection
Inflammation (e.g. Kawasaki's disease)
Mailgnancy (e.g. Hodgkin's disease)
Splenectomy
Trauma/surgery

Primary
Essential thrombocythaemia
Polycythaemia vera
Myelofibrosis (initially, later thrombocytopenia)
Myelodysplasia
CML


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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Pathological fractures
Benign tumours: bone cysts, chondroma
Congenital: osteogenesis imperfecta, fibrous dysplasia
Malignancy: primary, secondary, myeloma
Osteomalacia
Osteomyelitis
Osteoporosis
Paget's disease of bone


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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Pericarditis
Drugs: hydralazine, isoniazid
Idiopathic
Infection (viral, e.g. coxsackie, EBV, varicella, mumps, HIV; bacterial, e.g. Streptococcus, TB; fungal)
Inflammatory/connective tissue diseases: rheumatoid arthritis, SLE
Malignancy
Myocardial infarction
Myxoedema
Radiotherapy
Surgery/trauma
Uraemia



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Symtpms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Paraesthesiae
Spinal cord disease, e.g. cord/nerve root compression, multiple sclerosis
Rarely: cortical/thalamic lesions
Peripheral neuropathy, e.g. diabetes mellitus, alcoholism etc.
Peripheral nerve entrapment/compression, e.g. cervical rib, carpal tunnel syndrome, disc herniation)
Hypocalcaemia, e.g. in respiratory alkalosis, hypomagnesaemia




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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.