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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Blurred Optic Disc
Paplloedema:
benign intracranial hypertension, hydrocephalus, cerebral oedema
Hypercapnia
Hypervitaminosis A
Hypoparathyroidism
Lead poisoning
Malignant hypertension
Oxygen saturation, sources of errors
Papillitis (demyelination)
Raised lntracranial pressure: Haemorrhage (extradural, subdural, subarachnoid, intracerebral), head injury. Meningitis/encephalitis, tumours, abscesses,
Retinal vein thrombosis, venous sinus thrombosis
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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Oral pigmentation
Acanthosis nigricans
Addison's disease
Fixed drug eruptions
Heavy metal poisoning
Peutz-Jegher's syndrome
Post-trauma/inflammation
Racial (African, Asian)
Acanthosis nigricans
Addison's disease
Fixed drug eruptions
Heavy metal poisoning
Peutz-Jegher's syndrome
Post-trauma/inflammation
Racial (African, Asian)
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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Otorrhoea
Foul smelling: chronic suppurative otitis media with cholasteatoma
Mucoid: chronic suppuirative otitis media with a perforation
Mucopurulent/bloody: trauma, carcinoma of the ear, acute otitis media
Purulent: acute otitis externa
Watery: eczema of the ear canal, CSF
Foul smelling: chronic suppurative otitis media with cholasteatoma
Mucoid: chronic suppuirative otitis media with a perforation
Mucopurulent/bloody: trauma, carcinoma of the ear, acute otitis media
Purulent: acute otitis externa
Watery: eczema of the ear canal, CSF
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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Osler nodes
Gonococcal infection
Haemolytic anaemia
SLE
Subacute bacterial endocarditis
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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Atrophy Optic disc
Optic neuritis (MS)
Raised lntracranial pressure: 2' to long-standing papilloedema (e.g. tumours)
Toxic metabolic drugs: tobacco, alcohol, vitamin B12 deficiency, diabetes, ethambutol
Infection/infiltration: spread from sinuses, syphilis, sarcoid
Compression: intra-orbital (e.g. optic nerve tumours), tumour of pituitary or
sphenoid sinus, carotid aneurysm
Anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy
Trauma: orbital fracture, indirect trauma
Retinal disease: retinitis pigmentosa, macular degeneration
Occlusion of retinal artery
Raised Pressure inside the eye (glaucoma)
Hereditary: Leber's optic atrophy, hereditary ataxias, e.g. Friedreich's, DIDMOAD
Optic neuritis (MS)
Raised lntracranial pressure: 2' to long-standing papilloedema (e.g. tumours)
Toxic metabolic drugs: tobacco, alcohol, vitamin B12 deficiency, diabetes, ethambutol
Infection/infiltration: spread from sinuses, syphilis, sarcoid
Compression: intra-orbital (e.g. optic nerve tumours), tumour of pituitary or
sphenoid sinus, carotid aneurysm
Anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy
Trauma: orbital fracture, indirect trauma
Retinal disease: retinitis pigmentosa, macular degeneration
Occlusion of retinal artery
Raised Pressure inside the eye (glaucoma)
Hereditary: Leber's optic atrophy, hereditary ataxias, e.g. Friedreich's, DIDMOAD
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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Oliguria
Dehydration
Renal failure (acute, chronic): pre-renal (e.g. shock), renal (acute tubular necrosis), post-renal (stones, tumour, retroperitoneal fibrosis)
Dehydration
Renal failure (acute, chronic): pre-renal (e.g. shock), renal (acute tubular necrosis), post-renal (stones, tumour, retroperitoneal fibrosis)
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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Oliguria
Dehydration
Renal failure (acute, chronic): pre-renal (e.g. shock), renal (acute tubular necrosis), post-renal (stones, tumour, retroperitoneal fibrosis)
Dehydration
Renal failure (acute, chronic): pre-renal (e.g. shock), renal (acute tubular necrosis), post-renal (stones, tumour, retroperitoneal fibrosis)
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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Onycholysis
Fungal infection
Psoriasis
Tetracyclines
Thyrotoxicosis
Trauma
Fungal infection
Psoriasis
Tetracyclines
Thyrotoxicosis
Trauma
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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Ankle Oedema
Pitting, bilateral
Heart failure
Hypothyroidism
Iatrogenic: oestrogens, calcium channel blockers, fluid overload
Liver failure, other causes of hypoalbuminaemia: malnutrition, malabsorption,
nephrotic syndrome, protein-losing enteropathy
obstruction
Renal failure
Venous insufficiency: acute (prolonged sitting), chronic
Venous obstruction, e.g. pelvic mass, pregnancy, IVC/bilateral iliac vein
Non-pitting Lymphoedema: primary, lymph node involvement: radiotherapy, infection
(filariasis), malignant infiltration, excision
Pitting, bilateral
Heart failure
Hypothyroidism
Iatrogenic: oestrogens, calcium channel blockers, fluid overload
Liver failure, other causes of hypoalbuminaemia: malnutrition, malabsorption,
nephrotic syndrome, protein-losing enteropathy
obstruction
Renal failure
Venous insufficiency: acute (prolonged sitting), chronic
Venous obstruction, e.g. pelvic mass, pregnancy, IVC/bilateral iliac vein
Non-pitting Lymphoedema: primary, lymph node involvement: radiotherapy, infection
(filariasis), malignant infiltration, excision
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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Ocular pain
Optic neuritis
Orbital myositis
Pain on eye movement
Optic neuritis
Orbital myositis
Pain on eye movement
