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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Myalgia
Acute angle closure glaucoma
Acute metabolic encephalopathy
Alzheimer's disease
Chronic fatigue syndrome
Congenital
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
Deep coma, cerebral death
Drugs: mydriatic eye drops (antimuscarinics, e.g. atropine, cyclopentolate, tropicamide), overdose (cocaine, amphetamine, glutethamide), poisoning, e.g. belladonna
Fibromyalgia
Holmes-Adie pupil (degeneration of the nerve to the ciliary ganglion)
Infection: systemic
Inflammatory/connective tissue disease
Lysosomal storage diseases, e.g. Gaucher's disease, Tay-Sachs disease
Malignancy
Malignant hyperpyrexia
Muscle haematoma, abscess
Mydriasis
Myoclonus
Myopathy: metabolic, inflammatory, infective, drugs,
Parkinson's disease
Polymyalgia rheumatica
Third nerve palsy
Trauma: post-traumatic iridoplegia, iridectomy, lens implant


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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Mononeuritis multiplex
Hereditary neuropathy: prone to pressure palsies
Infection: HIV, herpes zoster, Lyme disease, leprosy
Inflammation: vasculitis (primary, e.g. PAN, Wegener's granulomatosis, ChurgStrauss syndrome, cryoglobulinaemia; secondary: rheumatoid arthritis, SLE), sarcoidosis, Sjogren's syndrome, Bechet's disease
Malignancy: infiltration (lymphoma, carcinoma}
Metabolic: diabetes mellitus



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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Monoarthralgia
Articular
Infection: septic arthritis (staphylococci, gonococci, Gram -ve bacilli, TB, Lyme disease)
Trauma, haemarthrosis (haemophilia)
Gout/pseudogout
Rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis
Seronegative arthritides (reactive arthritis, enteropathic arthritis (IBD, Whipple's disease}, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis}
Systemic: SLE, Sjogren's syndrome, sarcoidosis, Beh~et's disease, vasculitides
Malignancy
Extra-articular
Bursitis, tenosynovitis, cellulitis



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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Murmurs
Systolic
Ejection systolic:
Aortic area: aortic stenosis (See Aortic stenosis), aortic sclerosis
Pulmonary area: innocent, atrial septa! defect, pulmonary stenosis
(Note: in HOCM an ejection systolic murmur is heard at left sternal border,
radiating to aortic and mitral areas}

Pansystolic:
Mitra! regurgitation (See Mitra! regurgitation), ventricular septa! defect, tricuspid regurgitation (See Tricuspid regurgitation)

Diastolic
Early diastolic: aortic regurgitation (See Aortic regurgitation), pulmonary regurgitation
Mid-systolic: mitral stenosis (See Mitra! stenosis), tricuspid stenosis (rare) Continuous: patent ductus arteriosus


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Symptoms and Signs - Differential Diagnosis of Menorrhagia
Dysfunctional uterine bleeding
endometriosis, malignancy (cervical, endometrial, ovarian), chronic pelvic infection
Local anatomical disorders: fibroids, polyps (uterine and cervical), adenomyosis,
Systemic problems: hyperthyroidism, coagulopathies (e.g. von Willebrand's disease), anticoagulants



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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Mitral regurgitation
Chordal rupture and floppy mitral valve associated with connective tissue diseases (pseudoxanthoma elasticum, osteogenesis imperfecta, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, Marfan's syndrome, SLE}
Functional mitral regurgitation: secondary to left ventricular dilatation
Infective endocarditis
Mitra! valve prolapse
Papillary muscle rupture (after Ml) or dysfunction (ischaemic heart disease/ cardiomyopathy}
Rheumatic heart disease


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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.