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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of leg pain
Arthritis
chronic (arterosclerosis, arteritis, Buerger's disease)
DVT
Musculoskeletal: soft-tissue (muscle, tendon, ligament) injury, muscle spasm
Neurological: lumbar canal stenosis
Peripheral neuropathy
Radiculopathy, plexopathy
Vascular: arterial occlusion: acute (thromboembolism, trauma, e.g. fracture),


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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Leg swelling
Bilateral
Heart failure
Hypothyroidism
Iatrogenic: oestrogens, calcium channel blockers, fluid overload
Liver failure, other causes of hypoalbuminaemia (malnutrition, malabsorption, nephrotic syndrome, protein-losing enteropathy)
Renal failure
Venous insufficiency: acute (prolonged sitting), chronic
Venous obstruction, e.g. pelvic mass, pregnancy, IVGbilateral iliac vein obstruction

Unilateral
Acute
Baker's cyst rupture
Cellulitis
Compartment syndrome, trauma
DVT

Chronic
Immobility
infection (filariasis), malignant infiltration, excision
Lymphoedema (non-pitting): primary, lymph node involvement: radiotherapy,
Varicose veins


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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Jugular foramen syndrome (involving cranial nerves IX, X and XI)
Infection from the middle ear spreading into the posterior fossa
Jugular vein thrombosis
Meningiomata
Metastases
Neurofibroma of IXth, Xth or Xllth nerves
Other tumours: cerebellopontine angle tumours, cholesteatomas, glomus
Paget's disease
Trauma: fracture at base of skull
tumour, carotid body tumour


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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Jaundice
Pre-hepatic
Haemolysis (See Anaemia, haemolytic), ineffective erythropoiesis,
Reduced glucuronidation (Gilbert's syndrome, Crigler-Najjar syndrome)

Hepatocellular
Alcoholic hepatitis
Autoimmune hepatitis
Cirrhosis, hepatic metastases, hepatic abscess
Drugs (paracetamol, anti-TB drugs, statins, sodium valproate, halothane), toxins, herbal medications
Dubin-Johnson syndrome, Rotor syndrome
Septicaemia
Viral: A, B, C; (other infections: CMV, EBV, toxoplasmosis, leptospirosis, Q fever)
Wilson's disease, haemochromatosis, cr1-antitrypsin deficiency, Budd-Chiari syndrome


Obstructive
Benign stricture (following invasive procedures)
Carcinoma of head of pancreas/ampulla of Vater/bile duct
Drugs: (antibiotics, OCPs, chlorpromazine, sulphonylureas, gold)
Gallstones (in the common bile duct)
Lymphadenopathy at the porta hepatic
Parasites, e.g. schistosomiasis/fasciola, pancreatitis, AIDS cholangiopathy
Primary sclerosing cholangitis, primary biliary cirrhosis


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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.