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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Goitre
Simple goitre {euthyroid): puberty, pregnancy
Hyperthyroidism: Graves' disease, toxic adenoma, toxic multinodular goitre with
one palpable nodule, thyroiditis
Hypothyroidism: Hashimoto's disease
Lithium, antithyroid drugs, iodine deficiency/excess, dyshormogenesis
Thyroid cyst
Thyroid carcinoma: papillary, follicular, anaplastic, medullary, lymphoma
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Gynaecomastia
Chronic liver disease
Chronic renal failure
Drugs: spirinolactone, cimetidine, cyproterone acetate, chlorpromazine,
Hyperthyroidism
Hypogonadism
oestrogens, digoxin, drugs of abuse (heroin, marijuana)
Physiological: puberty, elderly
Pseudogynaecomastia: e.g. in obese men
testicular)
Tumours: ectopic hCG (e.g. hepatoma and lung), oestrogen-producing (e.g.

Unilateral
Breast carcinoma
Lipoma, lymphangioma, neurofibroma, haematoma, dermoid cyst
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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Headache
Acute/subacute causes (likely to present in A&E)
Head injury
Meningitis/encephalitis
Subarachnoid haemorrhage, intracranial haemorrhage, cerebral venous thrombosis
Carotid/vertebral artery dissection
Acute angle closure glaucoma
Giant cell arteritis
Pituitary apoplexy
​Other causes: increased BP, drugs (e.g. GTN, Ca channel antagonists), infections (bacterial, viral illnesses etc.), electrolyte imbalances (e.g. hyponatraemia),
hyperviscosity syndromes (e.g. polycythaemia)
Chronic/recurrent
increased lntracranial pressure (e.g. space occupying lesion, e.g. tumour/abscess,
hydrocephalus, benign intracranial hypertension) and reduced intracranial pressure
(e.g. post lumbar puncture)

Migraine
Migrainous neuralgia
Tension headache, rebound headache (on stopping analgesics)
Sinusitis
Other causes: cervicogenic (referred from cervical spondylosis), hypnic headache, meningeal infiltration (e.g. malignancy, sarcoidosis), refractive errors, Paget's disease of bone, acromegaly, antiphospholipid syndrome






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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Haemarthrosis
Haematological: Clotting disorders, sickle cell disease, drugs
Infection: Septic arthritis, TB
Joint diseases: Osteoarthritis, gout, pseudogout
Neurological: Charcot's joint
Scurvy
Trauma: iatrogenic, post-operative, fracture, meniscus tear, ligamentous injury (e.g. anterior cruciate)
Tumour: pigmented villonodular synovitis
Vascular: haemangioma, arteriovenous malformation, aneurysm




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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Haematuria
disease, leukaemia), anticoagulants
Drugs (senna, rifamipcin)
e.g. cyclophosphamide, excessive exercise
Food: beetroot
General: haematological disorders (haemophilia, thrombocytopenia, sickle cell
Haemoglobinuria/myoglobinuria
Infection: UTI, rarely TB, schistosomiasis
Kidney, bladder, ureter or urethra
Other causes of urine discoloration
Other causes: glomerulonephritis, lgA nephropathy, interstitial nephritis, cystic renal disease, emboli, renal vein thrombosis, vascular malformation, drugs,
Porphyria (acute intermittent)
Prostate: benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostate cancer, prostatitis
Stones
Trauma
Tumours


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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.