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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Arm pain
Trauma, strain injury
Arthritis (See Monoarthralgia)
Neurological: cervical spinal cord compression (prolapsed disc, cervical spondylosis, tumours)
Brachia! plexus involvement: apical lung cancer, cervical rib
Peripheral neuropathies
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Vascular: subclavian artery stenosis, arterial/venous thrombosis, embolism
Bone: tumours (primary, secondary: lung, breast, prostate, kidney, thyroid)
Referred cardiac pain
See also Shoulder pain
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Apex beat
Heaving (pressure loaded)
Aortic stenosis (See Aortic stenosis)
Systemic hypertension

Thrusting (volume loaded)
Mitral regurgitation 
Aortic regurgitation 

Tapping
Apex beat not palpated
COPD
Dextrocardia
L-sided pleural effusion
L-sided pneumothorax
Large pericardial Effusion
Mitral stenosis 
Obesity, muscular chest wall
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of  ANA
Normal population (S-8%)
Other diseases: chronic active hepatitis, diabetes, Waldenstrom's macroglobulinaemia, myasthenia gravis
Polyarteritis nodosa (20%)
Polymyositis (40%)
Rheumatoid arthritis (60%)
Sjogren's syndrome (80%)
SLE (9S%), drug-induced lupus (100%)
Systemic sclerosis (90%)
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Aplastic Anemia 
Inherited: Fanconi anaemia, dyskeratosis congenita
Idiopathic
Acquired: drugs (cytotoxics, chloramphenicol, gold, methotrexate), chemicals (parathion, benzene), radiation, viral infection (B19 parvovirus, HIV, hepatitis, measles), paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria, sepsis
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of  Raised in Amylase
Acute abdomen: peptic ulcer, perforation, intestinal obstruction, ruptured
Diabetic ketoacidosis
ectopic pregnancy
Macroamylasaemia: amylase is complexed with another protein, e.g. immunoglobulin and its renal clearance is reduce
Morphine (spasm of sphincter of Oddi)
Pancreatitis (acute)
Renal failure
Salivary gland disorders: calculi, mumps
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Normocytic
Anaemia of chronic disease (chronic infection, inflammatory/connective tissue diseases, malignancy)
Bone marrow failure
Haemolytic anaemia (may also cause macrocytic anaemia)
Hypothyroidism (may also cause macrocytic anaemia)
Pregnancy
Renal failure
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Microcytic Anaemia
Anaemia of chronic disease (often normocytic, but may be microcytic)
Iron deficiency: blood loss (GI [e.g. peptic ulcer, malignancy), urogenital [e.g. menorrhagia, haematuria)), hookworm (Ancylostroma duodenale)
Lead poisoning
Reduced absorption (gastrectomy, small bowel disease),increased demands (growth, pregnancy), reduced intake (e.g. vegans)
Sideroblastic anaemia: congenital (X-linked), alcohol, drugs (isoniazid, chloramphenicol), lead, myelodysplasia
Thalassaemia
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Haemolytic Anemia 
Hereditary
Metabolic defects: pyruvate kinase deficiency, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
Haemoglobinopathies: sickle cell anaemia, thalassaemia Membrane defects: spherocytosis, elliptocytosis

Acquired
Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria, secondary to liver and renal disease
Non-immune: trauma: microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia (TIP, HUS, DIC, malignant hypertension, pre-eclampsia), artificial heart valves, March haemoglobinuria
Infection: malaria, clostridia
Drugs: penicillin, quinidine
Autoimmune: Warm antibodies (idiopathic, SLE, lymphoma, drugs, e.g. methyldopa), Cold antibodies (idiopathic, infections, e.g. Mycoplasma sp., EBV, other viruses, lymphoma)
Alloimmune: Transfusion reaction, haemolytic disease of newborn
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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.