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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Leg Length Discrepancies
CONGENITAL
• Proximal femoral local deficiency
• Coxa vara
• Hemiatrophy-hemihypertrophy (anisomelia)
• Development dysplasia of the hip
DEVELOPMENTAL
• Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease (LCPD)
NEUROMUSCULAR
• Polio
• Cerebral palsy (hemiplegia)
INFECTIOUS
• Pyogenic osteomyelitis with physeal damage
TRAUMA
• Physeal injury with premature closure
• Overgrowth
• Malunion (shortening)
TUMOR
• Physeal destruction
• Radiation-induced physeal injury
• Overgrowth
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Leg Pain with Exercise
• Adventitial cysts
• Arteriosclerosis obliterans
• Deep venous thrombosis (DVT)
• McArdle’s syndrome
• Neurogenic (spinal cord compression or ischemia)
• Popliteal artery entrapment syndrome
• Popliteal cyst
• Shin splints
• Thromboangiitis obliterans
• Venous claudication
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Leg Ulcers
VASCULAR
• Arterial: arteriosclerosis, thromboangiitis obliterans, arteriovenous
(AV) malformation, cholesterol emboli
• Venous: superficial varicosities, incompetent perforators, deep
venous thrombosis (DVT), lymphatic abnormalities
VASCULITIS/HEMATOLOGIC
• Sickle cell anemia, thalassemia, polycythemia vera, leukemia, cold agglutinin disease
• Macroglobulinemia, protein C and protein S deficiency, cryoglobulinemia, lupus anticoagulant, antiphospholipid syndrome
INFECTIOUS
• Fungus: blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis,
sporotrichosis
• Bacterial: furuncle, ecthyma, septic emboli
• Protozoal: leishmaniasis
METABOLIC
• Necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum
• Localized bullous pemphigoid
• Gout, calcinosis cutis, Gaucher’s disease
TUMORS
• Basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma
• Mycosis fungoides, Kaposi’s sarcoma, metastatic neoplasms
TRAUMA
• Burns, cold injury, radiation dermatitis
• Insect bites
• Factitial, excessive pressure
NEUROPATHIC
• Diabetic trophic ulcers
• Tabes dorsalis, syringomyelia
DRUGS
• Warfarin, IV colchicine extravasation, methotrexate, halogens,ergotism, hydroxyurea
PANNICULITIS
• Weber-Christian disease
• Pancreatic fat necrosis, α-antitrypsinase deficiency
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Leishmaniasis
• African trypanosomiasis
• Bacterial endocarditis
• Brucellosis
• Chronic myelocytic leukemia
• Enteric fever
• Generalized histoplasmosis
• Hepatic cirrhosis
• Hodgkin’s disease and other lymphomas
• Malaria
• Sarcoidosis
• Tuberculosis
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Iron Overload
• Aceruloplasminemia
• African dietary iron overload
• Associated with neurologic abnormalities
• Atransferrinemia
• Autosomal dominant hemochromatosis, ferroprotein associated (type 4)
• Cerebrohepatorenal syndrome
• Chronic liver disease
• DMT1-associated hemochromatosis
• Friedreich’s ataxia
• GRACILE (Fellman) syndrome
• GRACILE (growth retardation, aminoaciduria, cholestasis, iron overload, lactic acidosis, and early death)
• Hemojuvelin associated (type 2A)
• Hepcidin associated (type 2B)
• Hereditary hemochromatosis
• HFE associated (type 1)
• Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis
• Inadvertent iron overload from therapeutic injections
• Insulin resistance–associated hepatic iron overload
• Iron-loading anemias (refractory anemias with hypercellular erythroid marrow)
• Juvenile hemochromatosis (type 2)
• Medicinal iron ingestion
• Neonatal hemochromatosis
• Neuroferritinopathy
• Non–HFE associated
• Pantothenate kinase–associated neurodegeneration (formerly called Hallervorden-Spatz syndrome)
• Parenteral iron overload
• Porphyria cutanea tarda
• Renal hemosiderosis
• Transferrin receptor 2 associated (type 3)
• Transfusional iron overload
• Trichohepatoenteric syndrome
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of  Ischemic Colitis, Nonocclusive
Small-Vessel Obstruction
• Collagen-vascular disease
• Vasculitis, diabetes
• Oral contraceptives
Nonocclusive Hypoperfusion
• Hemorrhage
• Congestive heart failure (CHF), myocardial infarction (MI),
arrhythmias
• Sepsis
• Vasoconstricting agents: vasopressin, ergot
• Increased viscosity: polycythemia, sickle cell disease, thrombocytosis Increased Motility
• Mass lesion, stricture
• Constipation
Increased Intraluminal Pressure
• Bowel obstruction
• Colonoscopy
• Barium enema
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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.