Published on
​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Hyperchloremia
• Ureterosigmoidostomy
• Sodium loss > chloride loss
• Respiratory alkalosis
• Renal tubular disease
• Prolonged diarrhea
• Metabolic acidosis
• Hyperparathyroidism
• Excessive infusion of normal saline solution
• Diabetes insipidus (DI)
• Dehydration
• Cystic fibrosis (CF)
• Acetazolamide administration
Picture
Published on
​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Hypercholesterolemia
• Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus
• Third trimester of pregnancy
• Primary hypercholesterolemia
• Primary biliary cirrhosis
• Nephrotic syndrome
• Hypothyroidism
• Drugs (steroids, phenothiazines, oral contraceptives)
• Diet high in cholesterol and saturated fat
• Biliary obstruction
Picture
Published on
​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of HIV Infection, Cognitive Impairment
EARLY TO MIDSTAGE HIV DISEASE
• Depression
• Alcohol and substance abuse
• Medication-induced cognitive impairment
• Metabolic encephalopathies
• HIV-related cognitive impairment
ADVANCED HIV DISEASE (CD4+ < 100/MM3)
• Opportunistic infection of CNS
• Neurosyphilis
• CNS lymphoma
• Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
• Depression
• Metabolic encephalopathies
• Medication-induced cognitive impairment
• Stroke
• HIV dementia
Picture
Published on
​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of  HIV Infection, Cutaneous Manifestations
BACTERIAL INFECTION
• Bacillary angiomatosis: numerous angiomatous nodules associated with fever, chills, weight loss
• Staphylococcus aureus: folliculitis, ecthyma, impetigo, bullous impetigo, furuncles, carbuncles
• Syphilis: may occur in different forms (primary, secondary, tertiary); chancre may become painful because of secondary infection
FUNGAL INFECTION
• Candidiasis: mucous membranes (oral, vulvovaginal), less commonly Candida intertrigo or paronychia
• Cryptococcoses: papules or nodules that strongly resemble molluscum contagiosum; other forms include pustules, purpuric papules, and vegetating plaques
• Seborrheic dermatitis: scaling and erythema in the hair-bearing areas (eyebrows, scalp, chest, and pubic area)
ARTHROPOD INFESTATIONS
• Scabies: pruritus with or without rash, usually generalized but can be limited to a single digit
VIRAL INFECTION
• Herpes simplex: vesicular lesion in clusters; perianal, genital, orofacial, or digital; can be disseminated
• Herpes zoster: painful dermatomal vesicles that may ulcerate or disseminate
• HIV: discrete erythematous macules and papules on the upper trunk, palms, and soles are the most characteristic cutaneous finding of acute HIV infection.
• Human papillomavirus: genital warts (may become unusually extensive)
• Kaposi’s sarcoma (herpesvirus): erythematous macules or papules; enlarge at varying rates; violaceous nodules or plaques; occasionally painful
• Molluscum contagiosum: discrete umbilicated papules commonly on the face, neck, and intertriginous sites (axilla, groin, or buttocks)
NONINFECTIOUS
• Drug reactions: more frequent and severe in patients with HIV
infection
• Nutritional deficiencies: mainly seen in children and patients with
chronic diarrhea; diffuse skin manifestations, depending on the
deficiency
• Psoriasis: scaly lesions; diffuse or localized; can be associated with
arthritis
• Vasculitis: palpable purpuric eruption (can resemble septic
emboli)
Picture
Published on
​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of HIV Infection, Hepatic Disease
VIRUSES
• Hepatitis A
• Hepatitis B
• Hepatitis C
• Hepatitis D (with hepatitis B virus [HBV])
• Epstein-Barr virus
• Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
• Herpes simplex virus
• Adenovirus
• Varicella-zoster virus
MYCOBACTERIA
• Mycobacterium avium complex
• Mycobacterium tuberculosis
FUNGI
• Histoplasma capsulatum
• Cryptococcus neoformans
• Coccidioides immitis
• Candida albicans
• Pneumocystis jiroveci
• Penicillium marneffei
PROTOZOA
• Toxoplasma gondii
• Cryptosporidium parvum
• Microsporida spp.
• Schistosoma
BACTERIA
• Bartonella henselae (peliosis hepatis)
MALIGNANCY
• Kaposi’s sarcoma (human herpesvirus 8 [HHV-8])
• Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
• Hepatocellular carcinoma
MEDICATIONS
• Zidovudine
• Didanosine
• Ritonavir
• Other HIV-1 protease inhibitors
• Fluconazole
• Macrolide antibiotics
• Isoniazid
• Rifampin
• Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
Picture
Published on
​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of HIV Infection, Lower GI Tract Disease
CAUSES OF ENTEROCOLITIS
Bacteria
• Campylobacter jejuni and other spp.
• Salmonella spp.
• Shigella flexneri
• Aeromonas hydrophila
• Plesiomonas shigelloides
• Yersinia enterocolitica
• Vibrio spp.
• Mycobacterium avium complex
• Mycobacterium tuberculosis
• Escherichia coli (enterotoxigenic, enteroadherent)
• Bacterial overgrowth
• Clostridium difficile (toxin)
Parasites
• Clostridium parvum
• Microsporida (Enterocytozoon bieneusi, Septata intestinalis)
• Isospora belli
• Entamoeba histolytica
• Giardia lamblia
• Cyclospora cayetanensis
Viruses
• Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
• Adenovirus
• Calicivirus
• Astrovirus
• Picobirnavirus
• HIV
Fungi
• Histoplasma capsulatum
CAUSES OF PROCTITIS
Bacteria
• Chlamydia trachomatis
• Neisseria gonorrhoeae
• Treponema pallidum
Viruses
• Herpes simplex
• CMV
Picture
Published on
​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of HIV Infection, Ocular Manifestations
EYELIDS
• Molluscum contagiosum
• Kaposi’s sarcoma
CORNEA/CONJUNCTIVA
• Keratoconjunctivitis sicca
• Bacterial/fungal ulcerative keratitis
• Herpes simplex
• Herpes zoster ophthalmicus
• Conjunctival microvasculopathy
• Kaposi’s sarcoma
RETINA, CHOROID, AND VITREOUS
• Microvasculopathy
• Endophthalmitis
• Cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis
• Acute retinal necrosis
• Syphilis
• Toxoplasmosis
• Pneumocystis choroidopathy
• Cryptococcosis
• Mycobacterial infection
• Intraocular lymphoma
• Candidiasis
• Histoplasmosis
DRUGS ASSOCIATED WITH OCULAR TOXICITY
• Rifabutin
• Didanosine
NEURO-OPHTHALMIC
• Disc edema
• Primary or secondary optic neuropathy
• Cranial nerve palsies
ORBITAL
• Lymphoma
• Infection
• Pseudotumor
Picture
Published on
​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of HIV Infection, Pulmonary Disease
MYCOBACTERIAL
• Mycobacterium tuberculosis
• Mycobacterium kansasii
• Mycobacterium avium complex
• Other nontuberculous mycobacteria
OTHER BACTERIAL
• Streptococcus pneumoniae
• Staphylococcus aureus
• Haemophilus influenzae
• Enterobacteriaceae
• Pseudomonas aeruginosa
• Moraxella catarrhalis
• Group A streptococcus
• Nocardia species
• Rhodococcus equi
• Chlamydia pneumoniae
FUNGAL
• Pneumocystis jiroveci
• Cryptococcus neoformans
• Histoplasma capsulatum
• Coccidioides immitis
• Aspergillus species
• Bacillus dermatitidis
• Penicillium marneffei
VIRAL
• Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
• Herpes simplex virus
• Adenovirus
• Respiratory syncytial virus
• Influenza viruses
• Parainfluenza virus
OTHER
• Toxoplasma gondii
• Strongyloides stercoralis
• Kaposi’s sarcoma
• Lymphoma
• Lung cancer
• Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis
• Nonspecific interstitial pneumonitis
• Bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia
• Pulmonary hypertension
• Emphysema-like or bullous disease
• Pneumothorax
• Congestive heart failure (CHF)
• Diffuse alveolar damage
• Pulmonary embolus
Picture
Published on
​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Hoarseness
• Allergic rhinitis
• Endocrine abnormalities (puberty, menopause, hypothyroidism)
• Infections (laryngitis, epiglottitis, tracheitis, croup)
• Irritants (tobacco smoke)
• Neoplastic involvement of vocal cord (primary or metastatic)
• Neurologic abnormalities (multiple sclerosis [MS], amyotrophic
• Other (laryngeal webs or cysts, psychogenic, muscle tension
• Vocal cord polyps
• Vocal cord trauma (intubation, surgery)
• Voice strain
abnormalities)
lateral sclerosis [ALS], parkinsonism)
Picture

Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.