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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Palpable Rectal Mass
• Amebic granuloma
• Diverticular phlegmon (prolapsing into the pouch of Douglas)
• Endometriosis
• Feces (indent)
• Foreign body
• Hypertrophied anal papilla
• Mesorectal lymph nodes
• Metastatic deposits at the pelvic reflection (Blumer’s shelf)
• Presacral cyst
• Primary pelvic malignant neoplasm (uterine, ovarian, prostatic, or cervical)
• Rectal carcinoma
• Rectal polyp
• Sigmoid colon carcinoma (prolapsing into the pouch of Douglas)
• Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome
• Vaginal tampon and even the pubic bone may be mistaken for a rectal mass
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Rectal Pain
• Anal fissure
• Anorectal abscess
• Compression of sacral nerves
• Endometriosis
• Fecal impaction
• Foreign bodies
• Inflammation of sacral nerves
• Neoplasms (primary or metastatic)
• Other: proctalgia fugax, uterine abnormalities, myopathies, coccygodynia
• Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
• Prostatitis
• Thrombosed hemorrhoid
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Red Blood Cell Aplasia, Acquired, Etiology
• Allogenic bone marrow transplant from ABO-incompatible donor
• Autoimmune diseases
• Idiopathic (>50% of cases)
• Medications (most frequent with phenytoin)
• Myelodysplastic syndromes
• Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
• Pregnancy
• Thymoma
• Viral infections (parvovirus B19, EB virus, mumps, hepatitis)
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Red Hot Joint
• Gout
• Infection (septic joint)
• Palindromic rheumatism
• Pseudogout (calcium pyrophosphate dehydrate crystal deposition)
• Psoriatic arthropathy
• Reactive arthritis
• Trauma
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Red Urine
• Foods (beets, berries, maize)
• Hematuria
• Hemoglobinuria
• Medications (aminosalicylic acid, deferoxamine, phenazopyridine, phenolphthalein, NSAIDs, rifampin, phenytoin, methyldopa, doxorubicin, phenacetin)
• Myoglobinuria
• Porphyrins
• Urate crystalluria
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Pupillary Dilation, Poor Response to Darkness
• Acute trauma (spasm from prostaglandin release)
• Adie’s syndrome tonic pupil
• Congenital miosis
• Drugs (narcotics, general anesthetics, cholinergics)
• Horner’s syndrome (sympathetic neuron interruption)
• Inflammation, infection (interruption of inhibitory fibers to the Edinger-Westphal nucleus)
• Lymphoma
• Old age (loss of inhibition at midbrain from reticular activating formation)
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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.