​Differential Diagnosis of Perirectal Abscess

Differential Diagnosis of Perirectal Abscess • Tuberculosis or actinomycosis; Chagas’ disease • Rectovaginal fistula • Proctitis--often STD associated--including syphilis, gonococcal, chlamydial, chancroid, condylomata acuminata • Pilonidal disease • Neutr


​Differential Diagnosis of Bruising in Child Abuse

Differential Diagnosis of Bruising in Child Abuse • Pigments (mongolian spots) • Folk treatment (coining, cupping) • Dermatitis (phytophotodermatitis, nickel allergy) • Connective tissue disorder (Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, vasculitis) • Bleeding disorder (





​Differential Diagnosis Sexual Abuse in Child Abuse

Differential Diagnosis Sexual Abuse in Child Abuse • Urethral prolapse • Normal variants • Non–sexually acquired infection (group A streptococcus, Shigella) • Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus • Hemangioma • Congenital abnormalities


​Differential Diagnosis of Elderly Abuse

Differential Diagnosis of Elderly Abuse • Malnutrition from intrinsic causes • Financial hardship • Falling • Depression or other psychiatric disorder • Conscious nonadherence • Advancing dementia


Differential Diagnosis of Acanthosis Nigricans

Differential Diagnosis of Acanthosis Nigricans • Confluent and reticulated papillomatosis • Hyperpigmented nevus (Becker’s nevus), linear epidermal nevus • Lichen simplex chronicus • Pemphigus vegetans • Seborrheic keratosis


​Differential Diagnosis of Achalasia

Differential Diagnosis of Achalasia • Postvagotomy dysmotility • Peptic ulcer disease • Malignant neoplasm: esophageal cancer, infiltrating gastric cancer, lung cancer, lymphoma • Gastritis • Gastric bezoar • Esophageal disease: gastroesophageal reflux di