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KembaraXtra-Psychology – Behaviour
Behaviour encompasses the observable physical actions and internal physiological processes of an organism in response to environmental stimuli. It includes overt motor activities such as movement and speech, as well as covert processes like glandular secretion and autonomic responses. In psychology, behaviour is often defined as the measurable output of the organism, forming the basis of scientific study particularly within behaviourism. The concept also extends to patterned or habitual responses shaped by learning, adaptation, and biological predispositions.
Behaviour encompasses the observable physical actions and internal physiological processes of an organism in response to environmental stimuli. It includes overt motor activities such as movement and speech, as well as covert processes like glandular secretion and autonomic responses. In psychology, behaviour is often defined as the measurable output of the organism, forming the basis of scientific study particularly within behaviourism. The concept also extends to patterned or habitual responses shaped by learning, adaptation, and biological predispositions.
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KembaraXtra-Psychology – Backward Conditioning
Backward conditioning is a variation of classical conditioning in which the conditioned stimulus follows, rather than precedes, the unconditioned stimulus. This arrangement is generally less effective than forward conditioning.
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KembaraXtra-Psychology – Backward Association
Backward association refers to a learned connection in which a stimulus becomes associated with another stimulus or a response that occurs earlier in time. This type of association contrasts with forward association, in which the stimulus precedes the response.
Backward association refers to a learned connection in which a stimulus becomes associated with another stimulus or a response that occurs earlier in time. This type of association contrasts with forward association, in which the stimulus precedes the response.
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KembaraXtra-Psychology – Back Vowel
A back vowel is a speech sound articulated with the tongue positioned toward the back of the mouth. Examples include vowel sounds found in words such as goose, lot, and thaw. Back vowels contrast with front vowels and central vowels based on tongue placement.
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KembaraXtra-Psychology – Back Slang
Back slang is a form of secret or coded speech in which words are spoken backwards or approximately backwards. Historically documented in Britain among various social groups, it includes examples such as yob for boy and tekram for market, and similar systems have been reported in other cultures worldwide.
Back slang is a form of secret or coded speech in which words are spoken backwards or approximately backwards. Historically documented in Britain among various social groups, it includes examples such as yob for boy and tekram for market, and similar systems have been reported in other cultures worldwide.
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KembaraXtra-Psychology – Back-Propagation Algorithm
The back-propagation algorithm is a learning method used in parallel distributed processing systems. A multilayer neural network adjusts its internal connection weights by comparing its output with a desired target output, calculating the error, and propagating corrections backward through the layers using gradient descent. This iterative process allows the system to learn complex input–output relationships and became influential through work by David Rumelhart and colleagues in the 1980s, building on earlier ideas by Frank Rosenblatt.
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KembaraXtra-Psychology – Backprop
Backprop is an informal abbreviation for the back-propagation algorithm, a widely used learning method in artificial neural networks.
Backprop is an informal abbreviation for the back-propagation algorithm, a widely used learning method in artificial neural networks.
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KembaraXtra-Psychology – Back Mutation
A back mutation, also called a reversion, occurs when a second mutation reverses the effect of an earlier mutation, restoring the gene to its original or normal phenotype.
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KembaraXtra-Psychology – Back Formation
Back formation is a process of word creation in which a new word is derived by removing a perceived affix from an existing word. This occurs when speakers mistakenly assume that a longer word was formed from a shorter one, as in deriving edit from editor or burgle from burglar, even though historically the longer form came first.
Back formation is a process of word creation in which a new word is derived by removing a perceived affix from an existing word. This occurs when speakers mistakenly assume that a longer word was formed from a shorter one, as in deriving edit from editor or burgle from burglar, even though historically the longer form came first.
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KembaraXtra-Psychology – Back Cross
In genetics, a back cross involves mating a first-generation hybrid with one of its original parent organisms. This type of cross, or the offspring resulting from it, is commonly used to analyze inheritance patterns and determine how specific traits are transmitted.
