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KembaraXtra-Psychology – Bystander Effect
The bystander effect refers to the reduced likelihood that individuals will offer help in an emergency when other people are present. Research shows that as the number of witnesses increases, each person feels less personal responsibility to intervene, a process known as diffusion of responsibility. The phenomenon was systematically studied by social psychologists Bibb Latané and John M. Darley following high-profile cases of public inaction during emergencies. Their experiments demonstrated that people are significantly slower to act or less likely to respond when they believe others can also intervene. The bystander effect highlights the influence of social context on moral and prosocial behavior.
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KembaraXtra-Psychology – Butyrophenone
Butyrophenones are a class of antipsychotic (neuroleptic) drugs that primarily function as dopamine antagonists. By blocking dopamine receptors—particularly D2 receptors—they reduce symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, and agitation. Notable examples include haloperidol and droperidol. These medications are commonly used in the treatment of schizophrenia, Tourette’s disorder, and certain movement disorders. Their clinical effectiveness demonstrates the central role of dopamine dysregulation in psychotic and motor symptoms.
Butyrophenones are a class of antipsychotic (neuroleptic) drugs that primarily function as dopamine antagonists. By blocking dopamine receptors—particularly D2 receptors—they reduce symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, and agitation. Notable examples include haloperidol and droperidol. These medications are commonly used in the treatment of schizophrenia, Tourette’s disorder, and certain movement disorders. Their clinical effectiveness demonstrates the central role of dopamine dysregulation in psychotic and motor symptoms.
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KembaraXtra-Psychology – Buspiron
Buspirone is an anxiolytic (anti-anxiety) medication that differs chemically and pharmacologically from benzodiazepines. Unlike drugs such as diazepam, buspirone does not produce significant sedation, muscle relaxation, or dependency, and it does not show cross-tolerance with benzodiazepines. Its action is primarily associated with serotonin (5-HT1A) receptors, although its exact mechanism is complex and not fully understood. Because it has a slower onset of action, it is most effective for generalized anxiety rather than acute panic states. Buspirone represents an important development in psychopharmacology by offering anxiety relief with lower abuse potential.
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KembaraXtra-Psychology – Burnt Odour
Burnt odour is classified as one of the primary odour qualities in certain early olfactory classification systems. It resembles the smell of tar or charred material and reflects attempts to categorize olfactory perception into fundamental sensory types.
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KembaraXtra-Psychology – Burnout
Burnout is a condition of emotional and physical exhaustion resulting from prolonged stress, particularly occupational stress. Symptoms include fatigue, cynicism, reduced professional efficacy, and psychological distress. Burnout underscores the cumulative impact of chronic demands on mental health.
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KembaraXtra-Psychology – Buridan’s Ass
Buridan’s ass is a philosophical example illustrating decision-making paralysis. A hypothetical donkey placed exactly between two identical bales of hay is unable to choose and therefore starves. The scenario symbolizes approach–approach conflict and highlights the limitations of purely rational decision rules when options are equally attractive.
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KembaraXtra-Psychology – Bulbar
Bulbar describes structures related to the medulla oblongata or the medulla and pons collectively. The term originates from the bulb-like appearance of these brainstem regions. Bulbar symptoms often refer to difficulties in speech or swallowing resulting from brainstem dysfunction.
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KembaraXtra-Psychology – Bulimia
Bulimia originally referred to pathological overeating or excessive appetite. In modern usage, it is often shorthand for bulimia nervosa, an eating disorder involving cycles of binge eating and compensatory behaviors. The broader medical meaning includes hyperphagia resulting from neurological or metabolic causes.
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KembaraXtra-Psychology – Bunsen–Roscoe Law
The Bunsen–Roscoe law, also known as Bloch’s law, states that the effect of light on a photosensitive substance depends on the product of intensity and duration. Expressed as I × t = k, it indicates that a brief, intense flash can have the same photochemical effect as a longer, dimmer exposure. The principle applies to visual perception at very short durations and to photographic processes.
The Bunsen–Roscoe law, also known as Bloch’s law, states that the effect of light on a photosensitive substance depends on the product of intensity and duration. Expressed as I × t = k, it indicates that a brief, intense flash can have the same photochemical effect as a longer, dimmer exposure. The principle applies to visual perception at very short durations and to photographic processes.
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KembaraXtra-Psychology – Bufotenin
Bufotenin is a psychoactive indole alkaloid found in certain plants, mushrooms, and toad secretions. Chemically related to serotonin, it produces hallucinogenic effects rather than serotonin’s typical regulatory functions. Its metabolism has been studied in relation to psychiatric conditions, including schizophrenia, although its exact role remains debated.
Bufotenin is a psychoactive indole alkaloid found in certain plants, mushrooms, and toad secretions. Chemically related to serotonin, it produces hallucinogenic effects rather than serotonin’s typical regulatory functions. Its metabolism has been studied in relation to psychiatric conditions, including schizophrenia, although its exact role remains debated.
