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KembaraXtra-Psychology - Asch experiment
The Asch experiment is a landmark conformity study introduced in 1951 by Solomon E. Asch (1907–96). Participants believed they were in a visual discrimination task: across 18 trials they judged which of three lines matched a comparison line, a task so easy that error rates are near zero when people respond alone. In the experimental setup, however, only one person was the true participant; the others were accomplices trained to give unanimous wrong answers on 12 “critical” trials. Under this pressure, about 37% of responses on critical trials conformed to the incorrect majority. Resisting the group was often stressful, and conformity rose as the unanimous majority increased—up to about three against one—after which larger majorities produced little additional increase.
The Asch experiment is a landmark conformity study introduced in 1951 by Solomon E. Asch (1907–96). Participants believed they were in a visual discrimination task: across 18 trials they judged which of three lines matched a comparison line, a task so easy that error rates are near zero when people respond alone. In the experimental setup, however, only one person was the true participant; the others were accomplices trained to give unanimous wrong answers on 12 “critical” trials. Under this pressure, about 37% of responses on critical trials conformed to the incorrect majority. Resisting the group was often stressful, and conformity rose as the unanimous majority increased—up to about three against one—after which larger majorities produced little additional increase.
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KembaraXtra-Psychology - ascending reticular activating system
The ascending reticular activating system (ARAS), also called the reticular activating system (RAS), refers to the upward-projecting fibres of the brainstem reticular formation defined mainly by their function: regulating physiological arousal and cortical activation. It is essential for wakefulness, sustained attention, and concentration, and is often contrasted with the descending reticular formation; related concepts include cerveau isolé.
The ascending reticular activating system (ARAS), also called the reticular activating system (RAS), refers to the upward-projecting fibres of the brainstem reticular formation defined mainly by their function: regulating physiological arousal and cortical activation. It is essential for wakefulness, sustained attention, and concentration, and is often contrasted with the descending reticular formation; related concepts include cerveau isolé.
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KembaraXtra-Psychology - art therapy
Art therapy is a form of psychotherapy in which clients are encouraged to express emotions, experiences, and internal conflicts through making art, using creative activity as a medium for communication and psychological exploration.
Art therapy is a form of psychotherapy in which clients are encouraged to express emotions, experiences, and internal conflicts through making art, using creative activity as a medium for communication and psychological exploration.
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KembaraXtra-Psychology - artificial scotoma
An artificial scotoma is a blind-spot-like area created experimentally using a display of randomly twinkling spots on a grey background (like television “snow” on an untuned channel) while a small uniform grey square is placed slightly away from the viewer’s fixation point; after about five seconds on average, the square seems to disappear and the area is perceptually “filled in” by the twinkling background. If the background is colored and the square is grey, the color tends to fill in first and the motion-like twinkling fills in afterward. If the whole display is then replaced by uniform non-twinkling grey, a small twinkling square is often seen briefly (about two to three seconds) where the original square had been. These observations show that filling-in is not just failure to notice missing information, but involves active neural representation. The effect was analysed in detail by Vilayanur S. Ramachandran (born 1951) and Richard L. Gregory (1923–2010) and reported in Nature (1991), and it relates to phenomena such as filling-in illusions, modal completion, motion-induced blindness, and the Troxler effect.
An artificial scotoma is a blind-spot-like area created experimentally using a display of randomly twinkling spots on a grey background (like television “snow” on an untuned channel) while a small uniform grey square is placed slightly away from the viewer’s fixation point; after about five seconds on average, the square seems to disappear and the area is perceptually “filled in” by the twinkling background. If the background is colored and the square is grey, the color tends to fill in first and the motion-like twinkling fills in afterward. If the whole display is then replaced by uniform non-twinkling grey, a small twinkling square is often seen briefly (about two to three seconds) where the original square had been. These observations show that filling-in is not just failure to notice missing information, but involves active neural representation. The effect was analysed in detail by Vilayanur S. Ramachandran (born 1951) and Richard L. Gregory (1923–2010) and reported in Nature (1991), and it relates to phenomena such as filling-in illusions, modal completion, motion-induced blindness, and the Troxler effect.
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KembaraXtra-Psychology - artificial pupil
Artificial pupil is another name for a reduction screen, a device used to control the effective pupil size for visual or perceptual testing.
Artificial pupil is another name for a reduction screen, a device used to control the effective pupil size for visual or perceptual testing.
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KembaraXtra-Psychology - approximant
A class of speech sounds produced when articulators come close together without creating friction, including semivowels and liquids.
A class of speech sounds produced when articulators come close together without creating friction, including semivowels and liquids.
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KembaraXtra-Psychology - approach–avoidance conflict
A type of conflict in which a single goal has both attractive and aversive aspects, leading to fluctuating behavior as one moves closer to or farther from the goal.
A type of conflict in which a single goal has both attractive and aversive aspects, leading to fluctuating behavior as one moves closer to or farther from the goal.
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KembaraXtra-Psychology - approach–approach conflict
A motivational conflict arising when an individual must choose between two equally desirable alternatives, often producing indecision but minimal stress.
A motivational conflict arising when an individual must choose between two equally desirable alternatives, often producing indecision but minimal stress.
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KembaraXtra-Psychology - applied research
Research conducted primarily to address practical problems or inform decision-making rather than to develop theory alone.
Research conducted primarily to address practical problems or inform decision-making rather than to develop theory alone.
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KembaraXtra-Psychology - applied psychology
The branch of psychology focused on using scientific findings to solve practical problems in areas such as mental health, education, work, and health behavior.
The branch of psychology focused on using scientific findings to solve practical problems in areas such as mental health, education, work, and health behavior.
