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Shariah -Fiqh Rulings (al-Aḥkām al-Khamsah)

Meaning:
  • Fiqh rulings or ḥukm mean legal rules or Sharī‘ah injunctions.
  • They are rulings about a person’s actions based on Islamic sources.
  • Scholars classify them into five main categories.


1. Farḍ or Wājib (Compulsory / Obligatory)
  • Must be done.
  • Neglecting it is a sin; denying it is disbelief.
  • Supported by clear evidence from Qur’an or Sunnah.
  • Two types:
    • Farḍ ‘Ayn: Personal duty (every Muslim must do it).
      • Example: Daily prayers, fasting.
    • Farḍ Kifāyah: Collective duty (if some do it, others are excused).
      • Example: Funeral prayer, community service.


2. Sunnah (Recommended Acts)
  • Doing it is rewarded; leaving it is not sinful.
  • Two types:
    • Sunnah Mu’akkadah (Highly recommended):
      • Regularly done by Prophet Muhammad (s.a.w).
      • Should not be left without reason.
      • Example: Additional prayers before/after the five daily prayers.
    • Sunnah Ghayr Mu’akkadah (Less recommended):
      • Sometimes done and sometimes skipped by the Prophet.
      • Doing it brings reward; skipping it has no sin.
      • Example: Giving charity, helping others.


3. Ḥarām (Prohibited / Unlawful)
  • Must be avoided completely.
  • Doing it is a major sin; denying it leads to disbelief.
  • Committing it is punishable, avoiding it is rewarded.
  • Examples: Taking or paying interest (ribā), adultery, lying, backbiting, drinking alcohol.


4. Makrūh (Disliked / Undesirable)
  • Better to avoid, but not sinful if done.
  • Two types:
    • Tanzīhī: Slightly disliked (close to permissible).
    • Taḥrīmī: Strongly disliked (close to ḥarām).
  • Example: Eating food with a bad smell (like raw garlic) before prayer.


5. Mubāḥ (Permissible / Neutral)
  • Doing or not doing it has no sin or reward.
  • No specific Sharī‘ah command is attached to it.
  • Examples: Playing sports, eating, sleeping, traveling.
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