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Shariah -The Position and Components of Fiqh
1. Understanding Fiqh
2. Categories of Fiqh
Fiqh is generally divided into two main categories:
A. Fiqh al-‘Ibādāt (Rituals/Worship)
B. Fiqh al-Mu‘āmalah or al-‘Ādah (Dealings/Social Relations)
3. Summary
1. Understanding Fiqh
- Fiqh is an important part of Sharī‘ah.
- Sharī‘ah covers all aspects of life, while Fiqh focuses on specific rulings and principles.
- It guides how humans act and live according to Allah’s commands.
- Fiqh helps organize life in harmony and peace, both spiritually and socially.
2. Categories of Fiqh
Fiqh is generally divided into two main categories:
A. Fiqh al-‘Ibādāt (Rituals/Worship)
- Deals with the relationship between man and Allah.
- Includes rules of worship and religious duties.
- Divided into four sections:
- Ṣalāh (Prayer):
- Covers everything about prayer – from ablution (wudhu’) to the act of praying.
- Ṣawm (Fasting):
- Explains rules of fasting during Ramadan, conditions, and exemptions.
- Zakāh (Charity):
- Covers compulsory charity on income, crops, animals, business, etc.
- Also includes optional charity (ṣadaqah).
- Ḥajj (Pilgrimage):
- Rules for performing ḥajj – its conditions, pillars, and different types.
B. Fiqh al-Mu‘āmalah or al-‘Ādah (Dealings/Social Relations)
- Governs the relationship between humans and other creatures of Allah.
- Focuses on everyday interactions, laws, and responsibilities.
- Divided into several sections:
- Family Law (al-Aḥwāl al-Shakhṣiyyah):
- Covers marriage, divorce, custody, inheritance, etc.
- Commercial Law (al-Aḥkām al-Mu‘āmalah):
- Includes contracts, sales, leasing, partnerships, and business rules.
- Financial/Economic Law (Fiqh al-Iqtiṣād):
- Rules about Islamic finance, banking, zakāh on wealth, and state economics.
- Judicial Law (al-Qaḍā’ wa Ṭuruq al-Ithbāt):
- Relates to court systems, judges, and evidence law.
- Rights of Non-Muslims (al-Aḥkām al-Dhimmi wa al-Musta’min):
- Protects non-Muslims under Islamic rule and defines their rights/taxes.
- International Relations (al-Aḥkām al-Siyar):
- Covers diplomacy, treaties, and jihād.
- Political System (al-Aḥkām al-Siyāsah):
- Discusses governance, leadership, and citizens’ rights.
- Criminal Law (al-Aḥkām al-Jināyah):
- Defines crimes, punishments, and justice in Islamic society.
- Environmental and Other Laws:
- Covers relations between humans, animals, and the environment.
3. Summary
- Fiqh provides complete guidance for personal, social, political, and economic life.
- It ensures justice, harmony, and obedience to Allah.
- Shows that Sharī‘ah is complete and serves the needs of all humankind.
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