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Legal Terms - Air Anger
Air anger refers to aggressive or violent behavior displayed by passengers on an aircraft.
Disruptive conduct shown by passengers on an airplane during flight, characterized by violence, disorderliness, or aggression. According to sections 2 and 3 of the Aviation Security Act 1982, it is illegal for any passenger to (i) do any damage to an aircraft that could potentially put its safety during flight at risk, or (ii) engage in any violent or dangerous behavior while on board an aircraft in flight that could potentially threaten its safety. According to the Air Navigation Order 2009, it is illegal for a passenger to be intoxicated while on board or in the process of boarding an aircraft.
Air anger refers to aggressive or violent behavior displayed by passengers on an aircraft.
Disruptive conduct shown by passengers on an airplane during flight, characterized by violence, disorderliness, or aggression. According to sections 2 and 3 of the Aviation Security Act 1982, it is illegal for any passenger to (i) do any damage to an aircraft that could potentially put its safety during flight at risk, or (ii) engage in any violent or dangerous behavior while on board an aircraft in flight that could potentially threaten its safety. According to the Air Navigation Order 2009, it is illegal for a passenger to be intoxicated while on board or in the process of boarding an aircraft.
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Legal Terms - Airspace
Airspace refers to the legal concept of land ownership in English law and international law.
The concept of ownership of a piece of land includes the control over the airspace above it, as stated by the maxim "cuius est solum, eius est usque ad coelum et ad inferos" (whoever owns land, it is theirs up to the heavens and down to hell). However, outer space is not believed to be subject to ownership.
Under English law, a landowner possesses the rights to the airspace directly above their land, to the extent that it is required for the regular use of their land and any structures on it.
The restraint mentioned here represents a dominant public interest in aerospace technology. This interest would be at risk if permission were needed for planes or satellites to cross over land, as established in the case of Bernstein v Skyviews [1978] QB 479. Within these boundaries, any extension outside one's property, such as a signboard or an exceptionally tall crane, might be considered a violation of property rights (Kelsen v Imperial Tobacco Co [1957] 2 QB 334). Similarly, if one's neighbor causes air pollution, it can be seen as a disturbance (St Helens Smelting Co v Tipping (1865) 11 HL Cas 642). Air pollution is also regulated by several laws. There is no inherent entitlement to the unrestricted movement of air from adjacent property, but it is possible to obtain legal rights for the passage of air through a specific aperture, such as a window or a ventilator. Civil aircraft flying at an appropriate altitude over land are not considered to be trespassing, according to Section 76(1) of the Civil Aviation Act 1982. However, if such aircraft cause any physical harm or damage to individuals or property, compensation can be sought.
According to international law, the subjacent state has full and exclusive control over its national airspace, which includes the airspace over its internal seas and territorial sea. Consequently, aside from planes experiencing difficulties, any utilization of a country's airspace by foreign aircraft necessitates the formal authorization of the respective state. Granting permission can be done unilaterally or more generally, in the case of commercial flights, through a bilateral treaty, typically with stipulations of reciprocity.
Airspace refers to the legal concept of land ownership in English law and international law.
The concept of ownership of a piece of land includes the control over the airspace above it, as stated by the maxim "cuius est solum, eius est usque ad coelum et ad inferos" (whoever owns land, it is theirs up to the heavens and down to hell). However, outer space is not believed to be subject to ownership.
Under English law, a landowner possesses the rights to the airspace directly above their land, to the extent that it is required for the regular use of their land and any structures on it.
The restraint mentioned here represents a dominant public interest in aerospace technology. This interest would be at risk if permission were needed for planes or satellites to cross over land, as established in the case of Bernstein v Skyviews [1978] QB 479. Within these boundaries, any extension outside one's property, such as a signboard or an exceptionally tall crane, might be considered a violation of property rights (Kelsen v Imperial Tobacco Co [1957] 2 QB 334). Similarly, if one's neighbor causes air pollution, it can be seen as a disturbance (St Helens Smelting Co v Tipping (1865) 11 HL Cas 642). Air pollution is also regulated by several laws. There is no inherent entitlement to the unrestricted movement of air from adjacent property, but it is possible to obtain legal rights for the passage of air through a specific aperture, such as a window or a ventilator. Civil aircraft flying at an appropriate altitude over land are not considered to be trespassing, according to Section 76(1) of the Civil Aviation Act 1982. However, if such aircraft cause any physical harm or damage to individuals or property, compensation can be sought.
According to international law, the subjacent state has full and exclusive control over its national airspace, which includes the airspace over its internal seas and territorial sea. Consequently, aside from planes experiencing difficulties, any utilization of a country's airspace by foreign aircraft necessitates the formal authorization of the respective state. Granting permission can be done unilaterally or more generally, in the case of commercial flights, through a bilateral treaty, typically with stipulations of reciprocity.
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Legal Terms - Requirement for alcohol treatment
A sentencing court may impose a requirement as part of a community order or a suspended sentence.
Request made in accordance with the provisions of the Criminal Justice Act 2003. The offender must undertake treatment to diminish or eradicate their need on alcohol. Prior to imposing the condition, the offender must first demonstrate their willingness to comply.
A sentencing court may impose a requirement as part of a community order or a suspended sentence.
Request made in accordance with the provisions of the Criminal Justice Act 2003. The offender must undertake treatment to diminish or eradicate their need on alcohol. Prior to imposing the condition, the offender must first demonstrate their willingness to comply.
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Legal Terms - Alderman
An alderman is a distinguished member of a municipal governing body who is chosen directly by the community.
Members who have been chosen through a voting process. The position of active alderman now only exists in the City of London, as it has been eliminated in other areas by the Local Government Act 1972. County, district, and London borough councils have the authority to designate former members with honorary rank as a way to acknowledge their exceptional service. The term originally had the same meaning as "elder" and is derived from Anglo-Saxon.
An alderman is a distinguished member of a municipal governing body who is chosen directly by the community.
Members who have been chosen through a voting process. The position of active alderman now only exists in the City of London, as it has been eliminated in other areas by the Local Government Act 1972. County, district, and London borough councils have the authority to designate former members with honorary rank as a way to acknowledge their exceptional service. The term originally had the same meaning as "elder" and is derived from Anglo-Saxon.
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Legal Terms - Aleatory
An aleatory contract is a type of agreement where the performance or outcome is dependent on an uncertain event or contingency.
A contract in which the outcomes, including both the benefits and drawbacks, are contingent upon an unpredictable event, affecting either all parties involved or a subset of them. Traditionally, this would be a contract specifically related to gaming. In common law, a wager referred to a legally binding agreement that the courts were obligated to uphold, as long as it did not violate principles of morality, decency, or sound policy (Johnson v Lumley, 1852)
An aleatory contract is a type of agreement where the performance or outcome is dependent on an uncertain event or contingency.
A contract in which the outcomes, including both the benefits and drawbacks, are contingent upon an unpredictable event, affecting either all parties involved or a subset of them. Traditionally, this would be a contract specifically related to gaming. In common law, a wager referred to a legally binding agreement that the courts were obligated to uphold, as long as it did not violate principles of morality, decency, or sound policy (Johnson v Lumley, 1852)
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Legal Terms - Alibi
An alibi is a noun that comes from the Latin word which means "elsewhere." An alibi is a legal defense used to contest a criminal allegation by asserting that the defendant was not present at the location where the offense was committed during the time it allegedly occurred, thereby negating their responsibility.
If the accused intends to present alibi evidence, they must furnish the prosecution with specific information regarding their alibi.
An alibi is a noun that comes from the Latin word which means "elsewhere." An alibi is a legal defense used to contest a criminal allegation by asserting that the defendant was not present at the location where the offense was committed during the time it allegedly occurred, thereby negating their responsibility.
If the accused intends to present alibi evidence, they must furnish the prosecution with specific information regarding their alibi.
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Legal Terms - Alien
An alien is an individual who does not hold citizenship under the laws of a specific state.
Aliens are typically categorized as resident aliens, who are permanently domiciled in the host country, or transitory aliens, who are temporarily in the host country for purposes such as business or education. Typically, they are subject to specific civic disadvantages, such as being unable to vote. According to the British Nationality Act 1981, an alien, as defined for UK statute law, refers to an individual who does not hold Commonwealth citizenship, British protected person status, or citizenship of the Republic of Ireland. Under common law, there is a clear differentiation made between friendly and enemy foreigners. The latter category includes not only individuals who are residents of hostile states, but also anyone who chooses to reside in enemy territory or conduct business there. These individuals are subject to additional disadvantages or restrictions.
An alien is an individual who does not hold citizenship under the laws of a specific state.
Aliens are typically categorized as resident aliens, who are permanently domiciled in the host country, or transitory aliens, who are temporarily in the host country for purposes such as business or education. Typically, they are subject to specific civic disadvantages, such as being unable to vote. According to the British Nationality Act 1981, an alien, as defined for UK statute law, refers to an individual who does not hold Commonwealth citizenship, British protected person status, or citizenship of the Republic of Ireland. Under common law, there is a clear differentiation made between friendly and enemy foreigners. The latter category includes not only individuals who are residents of hostile states, but also anyone who chooses to reside in enemy territory or conduct business there. These individuals are subject to additional disadvantages or restrictions.
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Legal Terms - Alienable Property
An alienable property refers to real estate that can be legally transferred or conveyed to another person.
An alienable property refers to real estate that can be legally transferred or conveyed to another person.
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Legal Terms - Alienation
Alienation refers to the legal process of transferring ownership of property, especially real estate, from one individual to another.
Alienation refers to the legal process of transferring ownership of property, especially real estate, from one individual to another.
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Legal Terms - Agricultural property relief
An exemption from inheritance tax is granted for the transfer of agricultural land and structures, provided that specific qualifying conditions are satisfied.
A farmhouse may be eligible for agricultural property relief. The relief provided is equal to the entire agricultural value, with the exception of land that is leased before to September 1995.
The exemption exempts the agricultural value of farmland from inheritance tax, but any development value of the land is subject to IHT.
An exemption from inheritance tax is granted for the transfer of agricultural land and structures, provided that specific qualifying conditions are satisfied.
A farmhouse may be eligible for agricultural property relief. The relief provided is equal to the entire agricultural value, with the exception of land that is leased before to September 1995.
The exemption exempts the agricultural value of farmland from inheritance tax, but any development value of the land is subject to IHT.