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Symptoms and Signs -Differential Diagnosis of Wrist drop
Radial nerve lesion: trauma (e.g. secondary to a prolonged period of abnormal posture of the upper arm)
Mononeuritis multiplex See Mononeuritis multiplex C7 root lesion


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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Weight gain
Pregnancy
Excessive caloric intake
Endocrine: PCOS, Cushing's syndrome, hypothyroidism, hypothalamic disease
(trauma, tumour), acromegaly
Drugs: steroids, OCPs, androgenic steroids, antidepressants, anticonvulsants Depression
Increased Fluid: congestive cardiac failure, renal failure, cirrhosis, excess IV fluids,
lymphatic obstruction Cessation of cigarette smoking


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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Wheeze
Narrowing of airways: Asthma
Bronchitis Bronchiectasis Foreign body Tumour
Left ventricular failure
Carcinoid syndrome
Pulmonary eosinophilia (e.g. tropical eosinophilia, allergic bronchopulmonary
aspergillosis, polyarteritis nodosa)


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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Wasting of small muscles of hands
T1
MND, spinal cord compression, syringomyelia, syphilis, poliomyelitis
Root involvement
Cervical spondylosis, neurofibromata
Brachia! plexus involvement
Cervical rib, apical lung tumour, trauma
Peripheral nerve involvement
Rheumatoid arthritis, ulnar/median nerve palsy



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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Watering eyes
Punctal/lid malposition
Punctal stenosis
Blockage of nasolacrimal duct/Lacrimal sac
Increased Tear production (Can occur paradoxically in patients with dry eyes)



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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Weight loss
Voluntary: diet, exercise
With increase appetite
Marked increase in physical activity
Malabsorption syndromes
Endocrine: hyperthyroidism, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus,
phaeochromocytomas
With reduced appetite
Chronic systemic illness:
Infections (e.g. TB, brucellosis, subacute bacterial endocarditis, HIV) Malignancy
Cardiopulmonary diseases
Gastrointestinal disease
Endocrine diseases, e.g. Addison's disease
Psychiatric: depression, eating disorder (e.g. anorexia nervosa)
Drugs: antidepressants, L-dopa, digoxin, metformin, NSAIDs, alcohol, opiates,
amphetamine, cocaine


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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Vaginal discharge
Physiological: around ovulation, pregnancy, COC pills Infection
Candidiasis Bacterial vaginosis Trichomoniasis Chlamydia Gonorrhea
Herpes genitalis
Malignancy (cervical/endometrial)
Foreign body (e.g. retained tampons, swabs) Other: cervical ectropion, atrophic vaginitis


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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Vertigo
Labyrinth:
Acute labyrinthitis
Benign positional vertigo Meniere's disease
Secondary to middle ear disease
Vestibular nerve:
Herpes zoster
Acoustic neuroma
Ototoxic drugs (e.g. aminoglycosides)
Brainstem:
lschaemia (vertebrobasilar circulation)/bleeding Multiple sclerosis, tumours
Other:
Migraine Vertiginous epilepsy


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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Visual loss
Sudden
Unilateral
Amaurosis fugax
Central retinal vein occlusion Central retinal artery occlusion Vitreous haemorrhage
Retinal detachment
Giant cell arteritis
Optic neuritis
Bilateral
Severe bilateral papilloedema (malignant hypertension, ii intracranial pressure)
Rapid progression of a lesion compressing the optic chiasm Bilateral infarcts of occipital lobes
Bilateral optic neuritis (rare)

Gradual
Cataracts
Glaucoma
Diabetic retinopathy
Macular degeneration (age-related) Optic nerve compression



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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.