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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Goitre
Simple goitre {euthyroid): puberty, pregnancy
Hyperthyroidism: Graves' disease, toxic adenoma, toxic multinodular goitre with
one palpable nodule, thyroiditis
Hypothyroidism: Hashimoto's disease
Lithium, antithyroid drugs, iodine deficiency/excess, dyshormogenesis
Thyroid cyst
Thyroid carcinoma: papillary, follicular, anaplastic, medullary, lymphoma
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Gynaecomastia
Chronic liver disease
Chronic renal failure
Drugs: spirinolactone, cimetidine, cyproterone acetate, chlorpromazine,
Hyperthyroidism
Hypogonadism
oestrogens, digoxin, drugs of abuse (heroin, marijuana)
Physiological: puberty, elderly
Pseudogynaecomastia: e.g. in obese men
testicular)
Tumours: ectopic hCG (e.g. hepatoma and lung), oestrogen-producing (e.g.

Unilateral
Breast carcinoma
Lipoma, lymphangioma, neurofibroma, haematoma, dermoid cyst
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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Haemarthrosis
Haematological: Clotting disorders, sickle cell disease, drugs
Infection: Septic arthritis, TB
Joint diseases: Osteoarthritis, gout, pseudogout
Neurological: Charcot's joint
Scurvy
Trauma: iatrogenic, post-operative, fracture, meniscus tear, ligamentous injury (e.g. anterior cruciate)
Tumour: pigmented villonodular synovitis
Vascular: haemangioma, arteriovenous malformation, aneurysm




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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Haematuria
disease, leukaemia), anticoagulants
Drugs (senna, rifamipcin)
e.g. cyclophosphamide, excessive exercise
Food: beetroot
General: haematological disorders (haemophilia, thrombocytopenia, sickle cell
Haemoglobinuria/myoglobinuria
Infection: UTI, rarely TB, schistosomiasis
Kidney, bladder, ureter or urethra
Other causes of urine discoloration
Other causes: glomerulonephritis, lgA nephropathy, interstitial nephritis, cystic renal disease, emboli, renal vein thrombosis, vascular malformation, drugs,
Porphyria (acute intermittent)
Prostate: benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostate cancer, prostatitis
Stones
Trauma
Tumours


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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Haemoptysis
General bleeding diathesis
Heart: mitral stenosis
Lung: infection {TB, pneumonia, abscess, bronchitis, bronchiectasis fungi, parasites), pulmonary embolism, malignancy, vasculitis (e.g. Wegener's granulomatosis, Goodpasture's disease), trauma, foreign body
Rarer causes: arteriovenous malformation, amyloidosis, sarcoidosis​



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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Halitosis
GI: achalasia, oesophageal stricture, GORD
Lung: infections, bronchiectasis
Mouth: Poor dental hygiene, dental plaque, gingivitis, oropharyngeal malignancy
Nasopharynx: Atrophic rhinitis, chronic sinusitis and post-nasal drip, chronic tonsillitis, pharyngeal pouch


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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Hallucination
Alcoholic hallucinosis
Cerebrovascular (stroke), infection, toxidmetabolic (e.g. alcohol, hallucinogens, e.g. LSD), drug-induced psychosis (e.g. amphetamine, cocaine)
Delirium
Dementia
Mania with psychosis
Psychiatric
Puerperal psychosis
Schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder
Seizures
Sensory organ disease, e.g. retinal ischaemia/optic nerve lesions
Severe depression with psychosis




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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.