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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Hemianopia
Bitemporal
Superior temporal quadrants involved first
Pituitary adenoma, meningioma, carotid aneurysm
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Sphenoid sinus mucocele
Inferior temporal quadrants involved first
Craniopharyngioma
Third ventricular tumour

Homonymous
Involvement of:
Optic tract or
Optic radiation (in parietal or temporal lobes) or
Occipital cortex by: CVA (sudden): stroke/transient ischaemic attack (TIA)
Masses: gliomas, metastasis, abscess


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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Hemiparesis, hemiplegia
Vascular: CVA (infarction, haemorrhage, TIA)
Tumour
Trauma: extradural or subdural haemorrhage (a history of trauma may not be apparent in the latter)
Other causes of transient hemiplegia/paresis: epileptic seizures (Todd's paralysis), migraine
Metabolic: hypoglycaemia can cause transient hemiplegia
Inflammation: multiple sclerosis, cerebral vasculitis
Infection: brain abscess from local (e.g. middle ear, sinuses) or distant (e.g. lung) infections




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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Hepatomegaly
Cancer: (2° deposits, hepatoma, liver cell adenoma)
Cirrhosis (early) usually alcoholic, primary biliary cirrhosis
Congestive cardiac failure
Budd-Chiari (hepatic vein thrombosis)
Polycystic liver disease
Infection: hepatitis A, B, C, EBV, CMV, toxoplasmosis, leptospirosis, abscess
(amoebic, pyogenic), hydatid cyst
Infiltration: fatty infiltration (alcohol), haemochromatosis, amyloidosis,
sarcoidosis, lymphoproliferative diseases
'Apparent hepatomegaly': lowered diaphragm (e.g. in COPD) or Reidle's lobe (an
extension of the right lobe)
Also see Hepatosplenomegaly


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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Gait
Antalgic gait due to pain
Apraxic gaits: frontal lobe lesions
Festinant, shuffling gait: Parkinson's disease
heavy metal poisoning, e.g. lead
Leg length discrepancies
Spastic, scissoring: See Spastic paraparesis
Steppage gate: peroneal nerve palsy, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, old polio,
Waddling: See Proximal myopathy
Wide-base: See Ataxia


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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Upper and Lower Gastrointestinal bleeding,
Anal: haemorrhoids, fissure
Angiodysplasia
Bleeding disorders (thrombocytopenia, haemophilia), hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia, Dieulafoy gastric vascular abnormality, aortoduodenal fistulae, angiodysplasia, leiomyoma, Meckel's diverticulum, pseudoxanthoma
Bowel cancer, polyps
Colitis: inflammatory (ulcerative colitis), infective, ischaemic, radiation
Diverticulae (colonic)
elasticum
Excessive upper GI bleeding
Gastritis/gastric erosions, duodenitis, oesophagitis
Gastro-oesophageal varices
Mallory-Weiss tear
Medications: NSAIDs, anticoagulants, steroids, thrombolytics
Oesophageal/gastric cancer
Other: bleeding disorders, aortoenteric fistula, Meckel's diverticulum, solitary
Peptic ulcer (gastridduodenal)
rectal ulcer
Upper GI bleeding (haematemesis)



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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Gaze palsy
Horizontal
demyelination, infection
frontal lobe lesions:
lpsilateral pontine (pontine paramedian reticular formation) or Contralateral
Vascular (infarction/haemorrhage, vascular malformations), tumour,
Vertical
metastatic), demyelination, infection, metabolic (e.g. Niemann-Pick disease, Gaucher's disease, abetalipoproteinemia), neurodegenerative (SteeleRichardson
Superior midbrain lesions:
syndrome: associated with extrapyramidal dysfunction)
Vascular (infarction/haemorrhage, vascular malformations), tumours (pinealoma/



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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Genital discharge (males)
Physiological
Sexual arousal, smegma, crystalluria, prostatorrhoea
Pathological
Urethra: gonorrhoea, chlamydia, non-specific infection, trichmoniasis, herpes, 2° to
intra-urethral lesions, 2° to prostatitis/upper urinary traction infection/lesion
Prepuce/glans: candidiasis, herpes, balanoposthitis
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Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.