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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Bulbar and pseudobulbar palsy
Bulbar palsy: cranial nerves {IX, X, XII) lesions at three different levels:
Nuclei (brainstem): vascular, infection (e.g. polio encephalitis), syringobulbia,
tumour
Nerve: motor neurone disease, meningeal infiltration, Guillain-Barre syndrome
Muscle: myasthenia gravis, muscular dystrophy, polymyositis
Pseudobulbar palsy: bilateral UMN lesions to the lower brainstem
Vascular disease (involving both hemispheres)
Multiple sclerosis
Motor neurone disease
Malignancy
Extrapyramidal disease
Bulbar palsy: cranial nerves {IX, X, XII) lesions at three different levels:
Nuclei (brainstem): vascular, infection (e.g. polio encephalitis), syringobulbia,
tumour
Nerve: motor neurone disease, meningeal infiltration, Guillain-Barre syndrome
Muscle: myasthenia gravis, muscular dystrophy, polymyositis
Pseudobulbar palsy: bilateral UMN lesions to the lower brainstem
Vascular disease (involving both hemispheres)
Multiple sclerosis
Motor neurone disease
Malignancy
Extrapyramidal disease
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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Bullous skin lesions
Pregnancy: herpes gestationis
Porphyria cutanea tarda
Pemphigus, pemphigoid
inflammatory bowel disease, internal malignancy, amyloidosis)
Infections: impetigo, cellulitis, viral (VZV, HSV, coxsackie), fungal (tinea pedis, 'id' reaction), scabies
Erythema multiforme
Epidermolysis bullosa congenita, epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (associated with
Eczema (hand and foot)
Drugs
Diabetes
Dermatitis herpetiformis (associated with coeliac disease)
Bites (e.g. insect/snake), burns
Pregnancy: herpes gestationis
Porphyria cutanea tarda
Pemphigus, pemphigoid
inflammatory bowel disease, internal malignancy, amyloidosis)
Infections: impetigo, cellulitis, viral (VZV, HSV, coxsackie), fungal (tinea pedis, 'id' reaction), scabies
Erythema multiforme
Epidermolysis bullosa congenita, epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (associated with
Eczema (hand and foot)
Drugs
Diabetes
Dermatitis herpetiformis (associated with coeliac disease)
Bites (e.g. insect/snake), burns
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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Bundle branch blocks, left and right
Left bundle branch block (LBBB)
lschaemic heart disease
Left ventricular hypertrophy (aortic stenosis, hypertension)
Conduction system fibrosis
Cardiomyopathy
Right bundle branch block (RBBB)
Massive pulmonary embolism
lschaemic heart disease
Cardiomyopathy
Atrial septal defect, Ebstein's anomaly
Left bundle branch block (LBBB)
lschaemic heart disease
Left ventricular hypertrophy (aortic stenosis, hypertension)
Conduction system fibrosis
Cardiomyopathy
Right bundle branch block (RBBB)
Massive pulmonary embolism
lschaemic heart disease
Cardiomyopathy
Atrial septal defect, Ebstein's anomaly
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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Burr cells
Stomach cancer
Renal failure
Pyruvate kinase deficiency
Post-transfusion
Stomach cancer
Renal failure
Pyruvate kinase deficiency
Post-transfusion
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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Cachexia
Malnutrition, eating disorders
Malignancy
Infection (e.g. TB, Cryptosporidium in AIDS)
Congestive cardiac failure
Alzheimer's disease
Malnutrition, eating disorders
Malignancy
Infection (e.g. TB, Cryptosporidium in AIDS)
Congestive cardiac failure
Alzheimer's disease
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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Cafe-au-lait spots
Neurofibromatosis
Tuberous sclerosis
McCune-Albright syndrome
Fanconi anaemia
Neurofibromatosis
Tuberous sclerosis
McCune-Albright syndrome
Fanconi anaemia
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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Calf swelling/pain
Deep venous thrombosis
Cellulitis, necrotizing fasciitis
Baker's cyst rupture
Trauma, compartment syndrome
Ruptured popliteal aneurysm
Ruptured gastrocnemius
Deep venous thrombosis
Cellulitis, necrotizing fasciitis
Baker's cyst rupture
Trauma, compartment syndrome
Ruptured popliteal aneurysm
Ruptured gastrocnemius
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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Candidiasis
Diabetes mellitus
Drugs: broad-spectrum antibiotics, immunosuppressants, steroids
Extremes of age
HIV
Malignancy
Pregnancy
Iron deficiency (severe)
Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis
Diabetes mellitus
Drugs: broad-spectrum antibiotics, immunosuppressants, steroids
Extremes of age
HIV
Malignancy
Pregnancy
Iron deficiency (severe)
Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis
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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Prolonged Bleeding
Coagulation disorders:
Disseminated intravascular coagulation
Haemophilia
Liver disease
Platelet disorders
Vitamin K deficiency/warfarin
Coagulation disorders:
Disseminated intravascular coagulation
Haemophilia
Liver disease
Platelet disorders
Vitamin K deficiency/warfarin
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Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Blood film
Teardrop cells
Target cells
Spherocytosis
Reticulocytosis
Polychromasia
Poikilocytosis
Pappenheimer bodies
Normoblasts
Leukoerythroblastic anaemia
Leukaemoid reaction
Hypochromia:
Howell-Jolly bodies
Dimorphic blood film
Burr cells
Blasts
Basophilic stippling
Anisocytosis
Acanthocytes
Teardrop cells
Target cells
Spherocytosis
Reticulocytosis
Polychromasia
Poikilocytosis
Pappenheimer bodies
Normoblasts
Leukoerythroblastic anaemia
Leukaemoid reaction
Hypochromia:
Howell-Jolly bodies
Dimorphic blood film
Burr cells
Blasts
Basophilic stippling
Anisocytosis
Acanthocytes
