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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Pupillary Dilation, Poor Response to Darkness
• Acute trauma (spasm from prostaglandin release)
• Adie’s syndrome tonic pupil
• Congenital miosis
• Drugs (narcotics, general anesthetics, cholinergics)
• Horner’s syndrome (sympathetic neuron interruption)
• Inflammation, infection (interruption of inhibitory fibers to the Edinger-Westphal nucleus)
• Lymphoma
• Old age (loss of inhibition at midbrain from reticular activating formation)
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Purpura
• Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
• Hemolytic-uremic syndrome
• Meningococcemia
• Other: left atrial myxoma, cryoglobulinemia, vasculitis, hyperglobulinemic purpura
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever
• Scurvy
• Septic emboli, atheromatous emboli
• Thrombocytopenia
• Trauma
• Viral infection: echovirus, coxsackievirus
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Pyelonephritis
• Acute glomerulonephritis
• Appendicitis
• Endometritis
• Hydronephrosis
• Nephrolithiasis
• Other causes of acute abdomen
• Ovarian cyst torsion or rupture
• Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
• Perinephric abscess
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of QT Interval Prolongation• Drugs
Class I antiarrhythmics (e.g., disopyramide, procainamide,
quinidine)
Class III antiarrhythmics
Tricyclic antidepressants
Phenothiazines
Astemizole
Terfenadine
Adenosine
Antibiotics (e.g., erythromycin and other macrolides)
Antifungal agents
Pentamidine, chloroquine
• Ischemic heart disease
• Cerebrovascular disease
• Rheumatic fever
• Myocarditis
• Mitral valve prolapse
• Electrolyte abnormalities
• Hypocalcemia
• Hypothyroidism
• Liquid protein diets
• Organophosphate insecticides
• Congenital prolonged QT syndrome
Rabies
• Delirium tremens
• Tetanus
• Hysteria
• Psychiatric disorders
• Other viral encephalitides
• Guillain-Barré syndrome
• Poliomyelitis
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Pulmonary Embolism
• Anxiety disorder with hyperventilation
• Asthma
• Chest wall pain
• Congestive heart failure (CHF)
• Dissection of aorta
• GI abnormalities (e.g., peptic ulcer, esophageal rupture, gastritis)
• Myocardial infarction
• Pericardial tamponade
• Pericarditis
• Pleuritis
• Pneumonia
• Pneumothorax
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Primary Pulmonary Hypertension
SECONDARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION CAUSED BY UNDERLYING PULMONARY AND CARDIAC CONDITIONS, INCLUDING
• Pulmonary thromboembolic disease
• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
• Interstitial lung disease
• Obstructive sleep disorder
• Neuromuscular diseases causing hypoventilation (e.g., amyotrophic lateral sclerosis [ALS])
• Collagen-vascular disease (e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus [SLE], calcinosis, Raynaud’s phenomenon, sclerodactyly, telangiectasia, CREST, systemic sclerosis)
• Pulmonary venous disease
• Left ventricular failure resulting from hypertension, coronary artery disease (CAD), aortic stenosis, and cardiomyopathy
• Valvular heart disease (e.g., mitral stenosis, mitral regurgitation)
• Congenital heart disease with left-to-right shunting (e.g., atrial septal defect [ASD])

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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.