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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Primary Pulmonary Hypertension
SECONDARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION CAUSED BY UNDERLYING PULMONARY AND CARDIAC CONDITIONS, INCLUDING
• Pulmonary thromboembolic disease
• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
• Interstitial lung disease
• Obstructive sleep disorder
• Neuromuscular diseases causing hypoventilation (e.g., amyotrophic lateral sclerosis [ALS])
• Collagen-vascular disease (e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus [SLE], calcinosis, Raynaud’s phenomenon, sclerodactyly, telangiectasia, CREST, systemic sclerosis)
• Pulmonary venous disease
• Left ventricular failure resulting from hypertension, coronary artery disease (CAD), aortic stenosis, and cardiomyopathy
• Valvular heart disease (e.g., mitral stenosis, mitral regurgitation)
• Congenital heart disease with left-to-right shunting (e.g., atrial septal defect [ASD])

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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Pulmonary Lesions
• Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) associated with pneumonia
• Aspiration pneumonia
• Fungal disease (aspergillosis, histoplasmosis)
• Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
• Legionella pneumonia
• Metastatic cancer
• Multiple pulmonary emboli
• Mycoplasma pneumonia
• Pneumocystis jiroveci
• Psittacosis
• Rheumatoid nodules
• Sarcoidosis
• Septic emboli
• TB
• Viral pneumonia
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​Symptoms and Signs - Differential Diagnosis of Solitary Pulmonary Nodule 
• Arteriovenous (AV) malformation
• Bronchial adenoma
• Bronchogenic carcinoma
• Bronchogenic cyst
• Granuloma from coccidioidomycosis
• Granuloma from histoplasmosis
• Hamartoma
• Metastatic carcinoma
• Other: fibroma, intrapulmonary lymph node, sclerosing hemangioma, bronchopulmonary sequestration
• TB granuloma
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Proteinuria
• Amyloidosis, sarcoidosis
• Benign proteinuria: fever, heat, or cold exposure
• Congestive heart failure (CHF)
• Constrictive pericarditis
• Diabetes mellitus (DM)
• Functional (after heavy exercise)
• Goodpasture’s syndrome
• Irradiation nephritis
• Malaria
• Malignant hypertension
• Malignant neoplasms: multiple myeloma, leukemias, Hodgkin’s disease
• Nephrotic syndrome as a result of primary renal diseases
• Orthostatic (postural) proteinuria
• Pregnancy
• Pyelonephritis
• Renal vein thrombosis
• Sickle cell disease
• Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
• Toxic nephropathies: heavy metals, drugs
• Tubular lesions: cystinosis
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Pruritus
• AIDS
• Carcinoma: breast, lung, gastric
• Cholestatic liver disease
• Chronic renal failure
• Drug-induced eruption, fiberglass exposure
• Dry skin
• Endocrine disorders: diabetes mellitus (DM), thyroid disease, carcinoid, pregnancy
• Iron deficiency
• Myeloproliferative disorders: mycosis fungoides, Hodgkin’s disease, multiple myeloma, polycythemia vera
• Neurosis
• Scabies
• Sjögren’s syndrome
• Skin diseases
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Pruritus Ani
FECAL IRRITATION
• Poor hygiene
• Anorectal conditions (fissure, fistula, hemorrhoids, skin tags,
perianal clefts)
• Spicy foods, citrus foods, caffeine, colchicine, quinidine
CONTACT DERMATITIS
• Anesthetic agents, topical corticosteroids, perfumed soap
DERMATOLOGIC DISORDERS
• Psoriasis, seborrhea, lichen simplex or sclerosus
SYSTEMIC DISORDERS
• Chronic renal failure, myxedema, diabetes mellitus (DM),
thyrotoxicosis, polycythemia vera, Hodgkin’s disease
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES
• Syphilis, herpes simplex virus, human papillomavirus
OTHER INFECTIOUS AGENTS
• Pinworms
• Scabies
• Bacterial infection, viral infection
Pruritus Vulvae
• Vulvitis
• Vaginitis
• Lichen sclerosus
• Squamous cell hyperplasia
• Pinworms
• Vulvar cancer
• Syringoma of the vulva
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Pseudohermaphroditism, Female
• Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
• Disturbances in differentiation of urogenital structures, non– androgen related
• Fetal P450 aromatase deficiency
• Maternal use of testosterone or related steroids
• Maternal virilizing adrenal hyperplasia
• Virilizing luteoma of pregnancy
• Virilizing ovarian or adrenal tumor
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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.