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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Male Pseudohermaphroditism 
• 5α-Reductase 2 deficiency
• Defects in testosterone metabolism by peripheral tissues
• End-organ resistance to androgenic hormones
• Maternal ingestion of progestogens
• Testicular regression syndrome
• Testosterone biosynthesis defects
• XY gonadal dysgenesis
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Pseudoinfarction
• Cardiac tumors, primary and secondary
• Cardiomyopathy (particularly hypertrophic and dilated)
• Chagas’ disease
• Chest deformity
• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (particularly emphysema)
• HIV infection
• Hyperkalemia
• Left anterior fascicular block
• Left bundle branch block
• Left ventricular hypertrophy
• Myocarditis and pericarditis
• Normal variant
• Pneumothorax
• Poor R wave progression, rotational changes, and lead placement
• Pulmonary embolism
• Rare causes: pancreatitis, amyloidosis, sarcoidosis, scleroderma
• Trauma to chest (nonpenetrating)
• Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Pseudomembranous Colitis
• Celiac sprue
• Enteric parasites (e.g., Cryptosporidium, Entamoeba histolytica)
• GI bacterial infections (e.g., Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, Yersinia)
• Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
• Irritable bowel syndrome
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Psittacosis
• Aseptic meningitis
• Bacterial pneumonia
• Chlamydia pneumoniae
• Fever of unknown origin
• Legionella
• Mononucleosis
• Mycoplasma
• Typhoid fever
• Viral hepatitis
• Viral respiratory infections
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Psoriasis
• Atopic dermatitis
• Candidiasis
• Contact dermatitis
• Cutaneous systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
• Drug eruption
• Mycosis fungoides
• Nummular dermatitis
• Secondary and tertiary syphilis
• Stasis dermatitis
• Tinea
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Psychosis
PRIMARY
• Schizophrenia related*
• Major depression
• Dementia
• Bipolar disorder
SECONDARY
• Drug use*
• Drug withdrawal
• Drug toxicity
• Charles Bonnet syndrome
• Infections (pneumonia)
• Electrolyte imbalance
• Syphilis
• Congestive heart failure (CHF)
• Parkinson’s disease
• Trauma to temporal lobe
• Postpartum psychosis
• Hypothyroidism/hyperthyroidism
• Hypomagnesemia
• Epilepsy
• Meningitis
• Encephalitis
• Brain abscess
• Herpes encephalopathy
• Hypoxia
• Hypercapnia
• Hypoglycemia
• Thiamine deficiency
• Postoperative states
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Delayed Puberty
• 17-Hydroxylase deficiency in females
• Absence of uterus or vagina
• Acquired
• Associated with congenital anomalies: Kallmann’s syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome, Laurence-Moon-Biedl syndrome, Friedreich’s ataxia
• Autoimmune hypophysitis
• Bilateral anorchism
• Bilateral gonadal failure resulting from trauma or infection or after surgery, irradiation, or chemotherapy
• Constitutional delay in growth and development
• Functional: chronic endocrinologic or systemic disorders; emotional disorders; drugs: cannabis
• Galactosemia
• Gonadal abnormalities: congenital
• Gonadal dysgenesis
• Hyperprolactinemia
• Hypothalamic or pituitary disorders
• Idiopathic
• Increased serum gonadotropin levels
• Infiltrative disease (histiocytosis)
• Isolated deficiency of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
• Isolated deficiency of growth hormone
• Isolated deficiency of luteinizing hormone (LH) or folliclestimulating hormone (FSH)
• Klinefelter’s syndrome
• Multiple anterior pituitary hormone deficiencies
• Myotonic dystrophy in males
• Normal or low serum gonadotropin levels
• Oophoritis: isolated or with other autoimmune disorders
• Post infection
• Post irradiation
• Resistant ovary syndrome
• Testicular feminization: complete or incomplete androgen insensitivity
• Trauma
• Tumor
• Uterine or vaginal disorders
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Precocious Puberty
• Arachnoid cyst
• CNS infection (e.g., meningitis, encephalitis)
• Congenital virilizing adrenal hyperplasia
• Degenerative CNS disease
• Head trauma
• Hydrocephalus
• Hypothalamic tumors
• Idiopathic
• Perinatal asphyxia
• Sex chromosome abnormalities (e.g., 47,XXY, 48,XXXY)
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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.