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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Popliteal Swelling
• Aneurysm of popliteal artery
• Baker’s cyst
• Deep venous thrombosis (DVT)
• Lymphadenitis
• Neoplasm: lipoma, osteogenic sarcoma, neurofibroma, fibrosarcoma
• Osteomyelitis
• Phlebitis (superficial)
• Popliteal abscess
• Ruptured tendon
• Ruptured varicose vein
• Trauma: fractured tibia or fibula, contusion, traumatic neuroma
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Portal Hypertension
INCREASED RESISTANCE TO FLOW
• Presinusoidal: portal or splenic vein occlusion (thrombosis, tumor), schistosomiasis, congenital hepatic fibrosis, sarcoidosis
• Sinusoidal: cirrhosis (all causes), alcoholic hepatitis
• Postsinusoidal: veno-occlusive disease, Budd-Chiari syndrome, constrictive pericarditis
INCREASED PORTAL BLOOD FLOW
• Splenomegaly not due to liver disease
• Arterioportal fistula
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Postconcussive Syndrome
• Anxiety
• Cerebrovascular accident
• Cervical spine disk disease
• Depression
• Epidural hematoma
• Headache (vascular or tension)
• Seizure
• Skull fracture
• Subdural hematoma
• Whiplash

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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Postpoliomyelitis Syndrome
• Adult spinal muscular atrophy
• Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
• Cervical and lumbosacral radiculopathy
• Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy
• Connective tissue disease–associated myopathies
• Diabetic amyotrophy
• Entrapment neuropathies
• Inflammatory and metabolic myopathies
• Multifocal motor neuropathy with conduction block
• Vasculitis
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder
• Acute stress disorder, if symptoms last between 48 hours and 4 weeks after trauma
• Adjustment disorders are distinguished from PTSD in that the precipitating stress is less catastrophic and the psychological reaction less specific.
• Delayed-onset PTSD, if symptoms develop >6 months after the event
• Major depression; up to 30% of primary care patients with depression also have PTSD
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Postural Hypotension, Non-neurologic Causes
• Adrenal insufficiency
• Alcohol
• Aortic stenosis (impaired output)
• Constrictive pericarditis, atrial myxoma (impaired cardiac filling)
• Diabetes insipidus
• Diuretics and hypertensive agents
• Excessive heat
• Extensive burns
• GI hemorrhage
• Hemodialysis
• Pyrexia
• Rapid volume loss from diarrhea, vomiting
• Vasodilatory agents (e.g., nitrates)
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Precocious Puberty
• GnRH-independent precocious puberty: congenital adrenal hyperplasia, adrenocortical tumors (males), McCune-Albright syndrome (females), gonadal tumors, ectopic human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)–secreting tumors (chorioblastoma, hepatoblastoma), exposure to exogenous sex steroids, severe hypothyroidism
• Gonadotropin hormone–releasing hormone (GnRH)–dependent precocious puberty: idiopathic, CNS tumors, hypothalamic hamartomas, neurofibromatosis, tuberous sclerosis, hydrocephalus, post acute head injury, ventricular cysts, post CNS infection
• Most common diagnoses to consider: premature thelarche and premature adrenarche
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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.