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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Mycoplasma Pneumonia 
• Streptococcus pneumoniae
• Several viral agents
• Q fever
• Pulmonary embolism/infarction
• Pleuritic pain
• Legionella spp.
• Coxiella burnetii
• Chlamydia psittaci
• Chlamydia pneumoniae
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Recurrent Pneumonia
• Pulmonary TB, chronic sinusitis
• Mechanical obstruction from neoplasm
• Kyphoscoliosis
• Immunosuppression (HIV infection, corticosteroids, leukemia, chemotherapy, splenectomy)
• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), congestive heart failure (CHF), asthma, silicosis, pulmonary fibrosis, cystic fibrosis
• Chronic aspiration (tube feeding, alcoholism, cerebrovascular accident [CVA], neuromuscular disorders, seizure disorder, inability to cough)
• Bronchiectasis
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Viral Pneumonia
• Pulmonary emboli
• Other causes of atypical pneumonia: Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, Coxiella, legionnaires’ disease
• Bacterial pneumonia, which frequently complicates (i.e., can follow or be simultaneous with) viral (especially influenza) pneumonia
• Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)
CAUSES OF AMENORRHEA
Primary (unusual in PCOS)
• Genetic disorder (Turner’s syndrome)
• Anatomic abnormality (e.g., imperforate hymen)
Secondary
• Pregnancy
• Functional (cause unknown; anorexia nervosa; stress, excessive exercise; hyperthyroidism, less commonly hypothyroidism; adrenal dysfunction, pituitary dysfunction; severe systemic illness; drugs such as oral contraceptives, estrogens, or dopamine
agonists)
• Abnormalities of the genital tract (uterine tumor, endometrial scarring, ovarian tumor)
CAUSES OF HIRSUTISM
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Polycythemia Vera
• Stress polycythemia (Gaisböck’s syndrome, relative polycythemia): laboratory evaluation demonstrates normal RBC mass, arterial oxygen saturation, and erythropoietin level; plasma volume is decreased. Splenomegaly is not present on physical examination.
• Smoking: polycythemia is secondary to increased carboxyhemoglobin, resulting in left shift in the Hgb dissociation curve. Laboratory evaluation shows increased hematocrit (Hct), red blood cell (RBC) mass, erythropoietin level, and carboxyhemoglobin. Splenomegaly is not present on physical examination.
• Hypoxemia (secondary polycythemia): living for prolonged periods at high altitudes, pulmonary fibrosis, congenital cardiac lesions with right-to-left shunts. Laboratory evaluation shows decreased arterial oxygen saturation and elevated erythropoietin level. Splenomegaly is not present on physical examination.
• Hemoglobinopathies associated with high oxygen affinity: an abnormal oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve (P50) is present.
• Erythropoietin-producing disorders: renal cell carcinoma, hepatoma, cerebral hemangioma, uterine fibroids, polycystic kidneys. The erythropoietin level is elevated in these patients; the arterial oxygen saturation is normal. Splenomegaly may be present with metastatic neoplasms.
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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.