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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Progressive Supranuclear Palsy
• Cortical basal ganglionic degeneration: differentiated from PSP by presence of cortical sensory signs and asymmetric limb apraxia.
• Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB): in PSP, visual hallucinations typically occur only if provoked by dopaminergic therapy; whereas in DLB, there are prominent visual hallucinations that may be spontaneous or provoked.
• Multiple systems atrophy: differs from PSP by the presence of prominent autonomic symptoms or cerebellar signs.
• Parkinson’s disease: differs from PSP in that the latter is characterized by prominence of early falls, tremor being unusual, and little response to levodopa.
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Prolactinoma
• Drugs: phenothiazines, methyldopa, reserpine, monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, androgens, progesterone, cimetidine, tricyclic antidepressants, haloperidol, meprobamate, chlordiazepoxide, estrogens, narcotics, metoclopramide, verapamil, amoxapine, cocaine, oral contraceptives
• Ectopic prolactin-secreting tumors (hypernephroma, bronchogenic carcinoma)
• Head trauma, chest wall injury, spinal cord injury
• Hepatic cirrhosis, renal failure, primary hypothyroidism
• Idiopathic hyperprolactinemia, stress, exercise
• Infiltrating diseases of the pituitary (sarcoidosis, histiocytosis)
• Polycystic ovary disease, pregnancy, nipple stimulation
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Proptosis
• Cavernous sinus arteriovenous (AV) fistula, cavernous sinus thrombosis
• Cellulitis
• Metastatic tumor to orbit
• Optic nerve tumor
• Orbital pseudotumor
• Thyrotoxicosis
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Symmetric Polyneuropathy
ACQUIRED NEUROPATHIES
• Toxic: drugs, industrial toxins, heavy metals, abused substances
• Metabolic/endocrine: diabetes, chronic renal failure, hypothyroidism, polyneuropathy of critical illness
• Nutritional deficiency: vitamin B12 deficiency, alcoholism, vitamin E deficiency
• Paraneoplastic: carcinoma, lymphoma
• Plasma cell dyscrasia: myeloma, typical, atypical, and solitary forms; primary systemic amyloidosis
• Idiopathic chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathies
• Polyneuropathies associated with peripheral nerve autoantibodies
• AIDS
INHERITED NEUROPATHIES
• Neuropathies with biochemical markers: Refsum’s disease, Bassen- Kornzweig disease, Tangier disease, metachromatic leukodystrophy, Krabbe’s disease, adrenomyeloneuropathy,
Fabry’s disease
• Neuropathies without biochemical markers or systemic involvement: hereditary motor neuropathy, hereditary sensory neuropathy, hereditary sensorimotor neuropathy
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Polyuria
• Anxiety, cold weather
• Diabetes insipidus
• Diabetes mellitus (DM)
• Diuretic phase of renal failure
• Drugs: diuretics, caffeine, alcohol, lithium
• Hypercalcemia
• Hypokalemia
• Postobstructive uropathy
• Primary polydipsia (compulsive water drinking)
• Sickle cell trait or disease, chronic pyelonephritis (failure to concentrate urine)
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Mycoplasma Pneumonia 
• Streptococcus pneumoniae
• Several viral agents
• Q fever
• Pulmonary embolism/infarction
• Pleuritic pain
• Legionella spp.
• Coxiella burnetii
• Chlamydia psittaci
• Chlamydia pneumoniae
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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.