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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Pleural Effusions
EXUDATIVE
• Neoplasm: bronchogenic carcinoma, breast carcinoma, mesothelioma, lymphoma, ovarian carcinoma, multiple myeloma, leukemia, Meigs’ syndrome
• Infections: viral pneumonia, bacterial pneumonia, Mycoplasma, TB, fungal and parasitic diseases, extension from subphrenic abscess
• Trauma
• Collagen-vascular diseases: systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), scleroderma, polyarteritis, Wegener’s granulomatosis
• Pulmonary infarction
• Pancreatitis
• Postcardiotomy/Dressler’s syndrome
• Drug-induced lupus erythematosus (hydralazine, procainamide)
• Post abdominal surgery
• Ruptured esophagus
• Chronic effusion secondary to congestive failure
TRANSUDATIVE
• Congestive heart failure (CHF)
• Hepatic cirrhosis
• Nephrotic syndrome
• Hypoproteinemia from any cause
• Meigs’ syndrome
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Bacterial Pneumonia
• Viral pneumonias
• Tuberculosis
• Sarcoidosis
• Pulmonary embolism or infarction
• Pulmonary edema
• Parasitic pneumonias
• Lung neoplasm
• Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
• Fungal pneumonias
• Exacerbation of chronic bronchitis
• Drug-induced lung injury
• Bronchiolitis
• Atypical pneumonia
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Phobias
• Panic attacks: anxiety symptoms seen in specific phobia may resemble panic attacks, but the stimulus in specific phobias or social phobias is clear, whereas panic attacks seem more random.
• Generalized anxiety disorder: difficult to distinguish from social phobia; but in social phobia, the cognitive focus is fear of embarrassment or humiliation, whereas in generalized anxiety disorder, the focus is more internal on the subjective sensations of discomfort.
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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.