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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of   Insulinoma (Differential Diagnosis of Fasting
Hypoglycemia)
• Addison’s disease
• Alcohol abuse
• Autoantibodies to insulin receptor or insulin
• Endocrine hypofunction
• Exogenous agents
• Functional fasting hypoglycemia
• Glycogen storage diseases
• Hepatic enzyme deficiencies or decreased hepatic glucose output (primarily in infants and children)
• Hyperinsulinism
• Hypopituitarism
• Insulin
• Insulinoma
• Liver failure
• Malnutrition
• Nonpancreatic tumors
• Other drugs (aspirin, pentamidine)
• Severe congestive heart failure
• Severe renal insufficiency in non–insulin-dependent diabetes
• Sulfonylureas, biguanides
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Interstitial Cystitis
• Benign prostatic hyperplasia
• Chronic nonbacterial prostatitis
• Chronic pelvic pain
• Endometriosis
• Frequent vaginitis
• Overactive bladder
• Pelvic adhesions
• Recurrent urinary tract infection
• Urethral pain syndrome
• Vulvar vestibulitis
• Vulvodynia
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of  Intestinal Pseudo-obstruction
• Amyloidosis
• Chronic renal failure
• Diabetes mellitus (DM)
• Drug toxicity caused by anticholinergics, opiate narcotics
• Hollow visceral myopathy: familial, sporadic
• Hypokalemia
• Muscular dystrophy
• Myxedema
• Neuropathic: abnormal myenteric plexus, normal myenteric plexus
• Ogilvie’s syndrome
• Scleroderma
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Intracranial Lesion
• Abscess
• Angioma
• Artifact
• Granuloma
• Herpes encephalitis
• Intracranial hemorrhage
• Multiple sclerosis (MS) (initial single lesion)
• Stroke
• Tumor (primary or metastatic)
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension
• The symptoms and signs of IIH are essentially those of raised intracranial pressure (ICP), and the differential diagnosis includes any condition that may be associated with raised ICP. Here we consider only those disease processes in which elevated ICP occurs in the context of normal CSF analysis and normal MRI. (Of note, venous sinus thrombosis [VST] is on this list despite associated MRI findings. VST should be excluded in all individuals with suspected IIH.)
• Medications: vitamin A and retinoids, steroids (both use and withdrawal), oral contraceptives
• Autoimmune disorders: systemic lupus erythematosus, Behçet’s disease
• Vascular disease: venous sinus thrombosis
• Other conditions: hypertension, CHF, pregnancy, obesity, uremia, obstructive sleep apnea
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
• Occupational exposures (e.g., asbestos, silica)
• Other idiopathic interstitial pneumonias: desquamative interstitial pneumonia, interstitial lung disease, acute interstitial pneumonia, nonspecific interstitial pneumonia, cryptogenic organizing pneumonia, bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia
• Sarcoidosis and connective tissue disease
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of IgA Nephropathy
• Henoch-Schönlein purpura
• Hereditary nephritis
• Lupus nephritis
• Poststreptococcal nephritis
• Secondary causes associated with IgA nephropathy
• Thin glomerular basement membrane disease
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​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Right Sided Iliac Fossa Pain 
• Acute appendicitis
• Acute inflammation of Meckel’s diverticulum
• Acute salpingitis (pelvic inflammatory disease)
• Cecal carcinoma
• Crohn’s disease of the terminal ileum
• Ectopic pregnancy
• Endometriosis
• Inflammatory cecal lesion (e.g., diverticulitis in a solitary cecal diverticulum)
• Inflammatory lesion of the terminal ileum (e.g., foreign body perforation)
• Mesenteric adenitis
• Nonspecific right iliac fossa pain
• Rupture/torsion or hemorrhage of an ovarian cyst
• Ruptured ovarian follicle (mittelschmerz)
• Terminal ileitis
• Urinary tract infection
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Kembara Xtra 

Facts about medicine and its subtopic such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology and surgery.