​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Noisy Breathing

Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Noisy Breathing • Acquired abnormality (at every level of the airway): nasal polyps, hypertrophied adenoids or tonsils, foreign body, intraluminal tumors, bronchiectasis • Compression from outside of the air



​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of  Acute Bronchitis

Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Acute Bronchitis • Allergic aspergillosis • Aspiration • Asthma • Bronchiolitis • Bronchogenic neoplasm • Congestive heart failure (CHF) (in elderly patients) • Cough secondary to medications • Cystic fibro


​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Brown Urine

Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Brown Urine • Use of multivitamin supplements • Urinary tract infection • Myoglobin • Medications (antimalarials, metronidazole, nitrofurantoin, levodopa, methyldopa, phenazopyridine) • Diet rich in fava bean


​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Bruising

Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Bruising • Alcohol abuse • Coagulation factor deficiencies • Cushing’s disease • Disseminated intravascular coagulation • Ehlers-Danlos syndrome • Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia • Leukemia • Marfan sy


​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Bruxism

Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Bruxism • Temporomandibular joint disorders • Oral motor disorders • Malocclusion • Dental compression syndrome • Chronic orofacial pain disorders • Anxiety disorder


​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Budd-Chiari Syndrome

Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Budd-Chiari Syndrome • Viral hepatitis • Toxic hepatitis • Shock liver/ischemic hepatitis • Perforated viscus • Peptic ulcer disease • Pancreatitis • Hepatic veno-occlusive disease • Cirrhosis of other etiolo



​Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Bullous Diseases

Symptoms and Signs – Differential Diagnosis of Bullous Diseases • Pemphigus vulgaris • Pemphigus foliaceus • Paraneoplastic pemphigus • Linear IgA bullous dermatosis • Impetigo • Herpes gestationis • Erythema multiforme • Erosive lichen planus • Epidermol