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Diagnostic Tests: Target Cells
Overview — What These Are?
The cells shown are target cells (codocytes). Target cells have a characteristic “bull’s-eye” appearance caused by an excess of cell membrane relative to cell volume. This altered surface-area–to–volume ratio creates a central area of hemoglobin surrounded by a pale ring and then an outer ring of hemoglobin.
Most Accurate Diagnostic Test
The most accurate diagnostic test when evaluating conditions associated with target cells is:
Hemoglobin Electrophoresis
This test helps identify hemoglobinopathies such as:
- Sickle cell disease
- Hemoglobin C disease
- Thalassemia
Electrophoresis will distinguish between different abnormal hemoglobins and determine specific genetic variants.
Associated Diseases
Target cells may appear in several hematologic and systemic conditions, including:
- Hemoglobinopathies
- Hemoglobin C disease (most strongly associated)
- Sickle cell disease (HbSS)
- Thalassemias (α and β)
- Liver disease
Due to increased membrane lipids, resulting in excess surface area. - Iron deficiency anemia
Though less classic, target cells may be seen in severe cases.
Do Target Cells Have a Shorter Survival?
Despite their abnormal morphology, target cells do NOT have a shorter survival than normal red blood cells.
They are structurally abnormal but not inherently more fragile, unlike spherocytes or sickled cells.
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