​Infectious Diseases and Microbiology - Cryptosporidiosis (Cryptosporidium parvum)

​Infectious Diseases and Microbiology - Cryptosporidiosis (Cryptosporidium parvum) 
Cryptosporidiosis is an infectious disease caused by the parasite Cryptosporidium parvum.
 Cryptosporidium parvum is a protozoan parasite that forms spores. Oocysts exhibit resistance to chlorination.

Transmission typically occurs when individuals consume water contaminated with oocysts or through direct contact with infected individuals via the fecal-oral or oral-anal routes. The duration of the incubation period ranges from 2 to 14 days.

Cryptosporidium parvum induces a transient, liquid bowel movement in persons with fully functional immune systems. Immunocompromised patients may experience chronic diarrhea, which can lead to significant fluid loss, malnutrition, electrolyte imbalance, and wasting.

Following the consumption of oocysts, sporozoites mature and adhere to the epithelial cells of the jejunum, where asexual trophozoites emerge and multiply to generate merozoites. Merozoites undergo maturation into gametocytes in order to commence the process of sexual reproduction. The fertilized zygotes undergo development and transform into oocysts, which are ultimately expelled through feces.

The diagnosis entails doing fecal antigen tests and directly examining fecal smears for acid-fast oocysts using a microscope.

Immunocompromised persons have limited treatment options, with supportive measures being the primary approach.
Prophylaxis and rehydration. Paromomycin or azithromycin can potentially alleviate diarrhea. Individuals diagnosed with cryptosporidiosis should refrain from using recreational waters for a period of 2 weeks following the resolution of symptoms. The act of boiling water may be essential in order to prevent further instances in outbreaks caused by water contamination.

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