Medical Physiology - Cellular Structure Synthesis by the Golgi and ER Apparatus

Medical Physiology - Cellular Structure Synthesis by the Golgi and ER Apparatus
The ER is where most cell structures are first synthesized. Before being released into the cytoplasm, a large number of the products produced in the ER are transferred to the Golgi apparatus for additional processing. Protein formation takes place in the granular ER, which is distinguished by a high density of ribosomes affixed to its outside. The proteins are produced by ribosomes, which then extrude a large number of them into the endoplasmic matrix—the interior of the tubules and endoplasmic vesicles—through the ER wall. Enzymes in the ER wall trigger quick modifications when protein molecules reach the ER, such as the accumulation of carbohydrates to produce glycoproteins. Furthermore, the proteins frequently undergo folding, shortening, and cross-linking to create more compact molecules. Lipids, particularly cholesterol and phospholipid, are also produced by the ER and added to the lipid bilayer. Transport vesicles, also known as little ER vesicles, are constantly separating from the smooth reticulum. The majority of them quickly go to the Golgi apparatus. Materials Created in the Endoplasmic reticulum Are Processed by the Golgi Apparatus.

​The reticulum tubules carry substances—particularly proteins—that are generated in the ER toward the areas of the smooth ER closest to the Golgi apparatus. Consisting of tiny envelopes of smooth ER, little transport vesicles continuously separate and diffuse to the Golgi apparatus's deepest layer. The transport vesicles immediately unite with the Golgi apparatus and release their contents into the Golgi apparatus's vesicles. Here, the ER secretions are compressed and additional carbohydrates are added. Compaction and processing proceed as the secretions move toward the outermost layers of the Golgi apparatus; at last, the compacted secretory contents are carried by small and large vesicles that separate from the Golgi system. Following that, these substances may spread throughout the cell. The vesicles produced by the golgi apparatus in a highly secretory cell are mostly secretory vesicles that diffuse to the cell membrane, fuse with it, and ultimately release their contents to the outside in a process known as exocytosis. However, some of the vesicles produced by the Golgi apparatus are intended for intracellular use. For instance, lysosomes are formed by certain parts of the Golgi Apparatus