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Pathology - Acute myeloid leukemia
Definition: A collection of hematological neoplasms consisting of malignant myeloid blasts.
Epidemiology The global incidence is 3 cases per 100,000 individuals annually. • Primarily, a condition affecting adults (average age at diagnosis is 65 years).
Aetiology • Acute myeloid leukaemias (AML) can be either spontaneous or arise as a consequence of prior treatment or as a final manifestation of an existing myeloproliferative or myelodysplastic disorder.
Pathogenesis • Mutations in a hematopoietic stem cell result in the clonal proliferation of immature myeloid blasts. • Rapidly proliferating myeloid blasts saturate the bone marrow and enter the peripheral blood. • Infiltration of organs by myeloid blasts may occur in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), although this is less frequent than in acute B-lymphoblastic leukemia.
Presentation • The majority of patients manifest as bone marrow failure, resulting in anaemia, thrombocytopenia, and neutropenia. Leukocytosis may be present.
Microscopy • By definition, over 20% of the cells in peripheral blood or bone marrow are myeloid blasts. • The blasts are medium to large cells characterized by a high nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio. Certain myeloid blasts possess cytoplasmic granules or Auer rods. Immunophenotype • Myeloid blasts typically exhibit expression of CD13, CD117, CD33, and CD34. • They lack expression of B-lymphoid markers, including CD79a.
The prognosis is contingent upon the specific subtype of AML; still, the majority are aggressive conditions necessitating rigorous ablative treatments to attain remission. Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) linked to prior treatment or an existing myeloid disease typically exhibits a dismal prognosis.
Definition: A collection of hematological neoplasms consisting of malignant myeloid blasts.
Epidemiology The global incidence is 3 cases per 100,000 individuals annually. • Primarily, a condition affecting adults (average age at diagnosis is 65 years).
Aetiology • Acute myeloid leukaemias (AML) can be either spontaneous or arise as a consequence of prior treatment or as a final manifestation of an existing myeloproliferative or myelodysplastic disorder.
Pathogenesis • Mutations in a hematopoietic stem cell result in the clonal proliferation of immature myeloid blasts. • Rapidly proliferating myeloid blasts saturate the bone marrow and enter the peripheral blood. • Infiltration of organs by myeloid blasts may occur in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), although this is less frequent than in acute B-lymphoblastic leukemia.
Presentation • The majority of patients manifest as bone marrow failure, resulting in anaemia, thrombocytopenia, and neutropenia. Leukocytosis may be present.
Microscopy • By definition, over 20% of the cells in peripheral blood or bone marrow are myeloid blasts. • The blasts are medium to large cells characterized by a high nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio. Certain myeloid blasts possess cytoplasmic granules or Auer rods. Immunophenotype • Myeloid blasts typically exhibit expression of CD13, CD117, CD33, and CD34. • They lack expression of B-lymphoid markers, including CD79a.
The prognosis is contingent upon the specific subtype of AML; still, the majority are aggressive conditions necessitating rigorous ablative treatments to attain remission. Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) linked to prior treatment or an existing myeloid disease typically exhibits a dismal prognosis.
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