- Published on
Pathology - Acute viral hepatitis
Definition: Infection of the liver caused by hepatitis A, B, C, or E, persisting for six months or less.
Epidemiology Hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are prevalent globally. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is prevalent in certain regions of Asia and China. • The Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is prevalent in Southeast Asia, India, and Central America. • Individuals of all ages may be impacted.
Virology
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA picornavirus that is spread orally through fecal contamination of food or water. HBV is a partly double-stranded DNA hepadnavirus spread via contaminated needles, sexual contact, or vertically from an infected mother to her offspring. HCV is a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA hepacivirus spread by contaminated needles, primarily through intravenous drug use. HEV is a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA hepevirus spread orally through fecal contamination of food or water.
Immunopathogenesis • The viruses localize within the liver. Following a varied incubation period, a specific T-lymphocyte response to the virus is elicited. The necroinflammatory activity in the liver induces an episode of acute hepatitis.
Presentation • Numerous cases are clinically asymptomatic or result in a non-specific, influenza-like illness. • Clinically evident instances induce nausea, vomiting, malaise, and jaundice. Serology • The detection of serum anti-hepatitis IgM antibodies confirms a recent infection.
Macroscopy • The liver may exhibit swelling and discoloration due to bile accumulation.
Histopathology: Liver lobules exhibit infiltration by mononuclear inflammatory cells. Hepatocyte damage is visually characterized by swelling ('ballooning') or shrinking and pyknosis (acidophil bodies). • Severe instances exhibit confluent regions of hepatocyte necrosis and parenchymal collapse. It is important to note that these histological alterations are not exclusive to viral hepatitis and may also occur in acute liver injury from various other etiologies.
Prognosis • Acute HAV does not advance to chronic infection. Approximately 10% of acute HBV cases advance to chronic infection. Approximately 90% of acute HCV cases advance to chronic infection.
Definition: Infection of the liver caused by hepatitis A, B, C, or E, persisting for six months or less.
Epidemiology Hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are prevalent globally. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is prevalent in certain regions of Asia and China. • The Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is prevalent in Southeast Asia, India, and Central America. • Individuals of all ages may be impacted.
Virology
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA picornavirus that is spread orally through fecal contamination of food or water. HBV is a partly double-stranded DNA hepadnavirus spread via contaminated needles, sexual contact, or vertically from an infected mother to her offspring. HCV is a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA hepacivirus spread by contaminated needles, primarily through intravenous drug use. HEV is a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA hepevirus spread orally through fecal contamination of food or water.
Immunopathogenesis • The viruses localize within the liver. Following a varied incubation period, a specific T-lymphocyte response to the virus is elicited. The necroinflammatory activity in the liver induces an episode of acute hepatitis.
Presentation • Numerous cases are clinically asymptomatic or result in a non-specific, influenza-like illness. • Clinically evident instances induce nausea, vomiting, malaise, and jaundice. Serology • The detection of serum anti-hepatitis IgM antibodies confirms a recent infection.
Macroscopy • The liver may exhibit swelling and discoloration due to bile accumulation.
Histopathology: Liver lobules exhibit infiltration by mononuclear inflammatory cells. Hepatocyte damage is visually characterized by swelling ('ballooning') or shrinking and pyknosis (acidophil bodies). • Severe instances exhibit confluent regions of hepatocyte necrosis and parenchymal collapse. It is important to note that these histological alterations are not exclusive to viral hepatitis and may also occur in acute liver injury from various other etiologies.
Prognosis • Acute HAV does not advance to chronic infection. Approximately 10% of acute HBV cases advance to chronic infection. Approximately 90% of acute HCV cases advance to chronic infection.
0 Comments
