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Pathology - Anal pathology
Hemorrhoids • Abnormally expanded and bulging anal cushions. • Highly widespread. • Thought to arise from the disturbance of standard suspensory mechanisms caused by persistent straining during feces. • Causes pronounced red rectal bleeding and discomfort. • Microscopic analysis of removed hemorrhoids demonstrates significantly dilated blood vessels with overlying hyperplastic squamous epithelium.
Anal tags are polypoid protrusions of the anal mucosa and submucosa. They are distinct from hemorrhoids, although they are occasionally misdiagnosed as such. • A microscopic structure comprising a fibrovascular core surrounded by squamous epithelium. The fibrovascular core lacks the typical ectatic vessels linked to hemorrhoids.
Anal fissure: A rupture in the mucosal lining of the lower anal canal, commonly located posteriorly along the midline. The origin is unclear; however, chronic infection may lead to reduced mucosal flexibility, resulting in a tear with the passage of firm feces. • Typically presents with severe discomfort.
Anorectal abscess • A purulent collection in the deep perianal tissue. • A consequence of infection in a deep anal gland. • Marked by perianal erythema, edema, and discomfort.
Anorectal fistula: An abnormal epithelial-lined passage connecting the anal canal to the perianal skin. It usually develops from an infection in an anal gland that extends to the skin surface. Multiple perianal fistulas may also suggest Crohn's disease. Anal cancer is uncommon and frequently associated with HPV infection. The predominant kind is squamous cell carcinoma, which arises from areas of squamous dysplasia known as anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN).
Hemorrhoids • Abnormally expanded and bulging anal cushions. • Highly widespread. • Thought to arise from the disturbance of standard suspensory mechanisms caused by persistent straining during feces. • Causes pronounced red rectal bleeding and discomfort. • Microscopic analysis of removed hemorrhoids demonstrates significantly dilated blood vessels with overlying hyperplastic squamous epithelium.
Anal tags are polypoid protrusions of the anal mucosa and submucosa. They are distinct from hemorrhoids, although they are occasionally misdiagnosed as such. • A microscopic structure comprising a fibrovascular core surrounded by squamous epithelium. The fibrovascular core lacks the typical ectatic vessels linked to hemorrhoids.
Anal fissure: A rupture in the mucosal lining of the lower anal canal, commonly located posteriorly along the midline. The origin is unclear; however, chronic infection may lead to reduced mucosal flexibility, resulting in a tear with the passage of firm feces. • Typically presents with severe discomfort.
Anorectal abscess • A purulent collection in the deep perianal tissue. • A consequence of infection in a deep anal gland. • Marked by perianal erythema, edema, and discomfort.
Anorectal fistula: An abnormal epithelial-lined passage connecting the anal canal to the perianal skin. It usually develops from an infection in an anal gland that extends to the skin surface. Multiple perianal fistulas may also suggest Crohn's disease. Anal cancer is uncommon and frequently associated with HPV infection. The predominant kind is squamous cell carcinoma, which arises from areas of squamous dysplasia known as anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN).
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