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Pathology -Angina pectoris
Definition: Recurrent transient bouts of thoracic discomfort resulting from myocardial ischemia.
Epidemiology • Highly prevalent.
Aetiology
• Almost often induced by coronary artery atherosclerosis.
• Principal risk factors include tobacco use, hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia. • Hypertension and aortic stenosis may also exacerbate the condition by inducing left ventricular hypertrophy and elevating myocardial oxygen demand.
Pathogenesis
Myocardial ischaemia arises when the demand for oxygen by the myocardium exceeds its supply. A substantial fixed stenosis of a coronary artery hinders coronary blood flow as myocardial oxygen demand escalates, such as during physical exertion.
Presentation
• Central chest discomfort frequently characterized as pressure, heaviness, tightness, or a squeezing sensation. • The discomfort frequently extends from the neck to the jaw and over the shoulders and upper arms. • It may be accompanied by nausea and diaphoresis. • Angina episodes are usually triggered by physical exertion or mental stress, persist for several minutes, and resolve with rest or medicine.
Macroscopy • Notable narrowing of a coronary artery due to atherosclerosis. • No significant alterations observed in the myocardium. Histopathology No distinct light microscopic characteristics in the myocardium.
Prognosis: Atherosclerosis is frequently widespread, placing patients at risk for various forms of ischemic heart disease (acute myocardial infarction, left ventricular failure), as well as abdominal aortic aneurysm, peripheral vascular disease, and stroke.
Definition: Recurrent transient bouts of thoracic discomfort resulting from myocardial ischemia.
Epidemiology • Highly prevalent.
Aetiology
• Almost often induced by coronary artery atherosclerosis.
• Principal risk factors include tobacco use, hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia. • Hypertension and aortic stenosis may also exacerbate the condition by inducing left ventricular hypertrophy and elevating myocardial oxygen demand.
Pathogenesis
Myocardial ischaemia arises when the demand for oxygen by the myocardium exceeds its supply. A substantial fixed stenosis of a coronary artery hinders coronary blood flow as myocardial oxygen demand escalates, such as during physical exertion.
Presentation
• Central chest discomfort frequently characterized as pressure, heaviness, tightness, or a squeezing sensation. • The discomfort frequently extends from the neck to the jaw and over the shoulders and upper arms. • It may be accompanied by nausea and diaphoresis. • Angina episodes are usually triggered by physical exertion or mental stress, persist for several minutes, and resolve with rest or medicine.
Macroscopy • Notable narrowing of a coronary artery due to atherosclerosis. • No significant alterations observed in the myocardium. Histopathology No distinct light microscopic characteristics in the myocardium.
Prognosis: Atherosclerosis is frequently widespread, placing patients at risk for various forms of ischemic heart disease (acute myocardial infarction, left ventricular failure), as well as abdominal aortic aneurysm, peripheral vascular disease, and stroke.
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